ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L11 was used as potential probiont in preliminary in vivo assay using Artemia and blue crab juveniles as final host. Strain L11 at 108 CFU mL-1 was found able to penetrate into gnotobiotic Artemia as early as 6h exposure. The survival rate of Artemia incubated with strain L11 at concentration of 106 CFU ml-1 and challenged with V. harveyi was 62 ± 1%. The numbers of Vibrios in Artemia were reduced at the end of the challenge assay. The in vivo assay using blue crab juveniles, demonstrated that strain L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 showed significant survival (42 ± 1 %) compared with group challenged with V. harveyi with no probiont added (12 ± 1 %) after five days of exposure. Strain L11 also able to reduce the number of Vibrios and increased the weight of the juveniles.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Artemia nauplii, blue crab juveniles, Vibrio harveyi.
Aquaculture is known as one of the fastest food-production industries in the world. However, it suffers from economic loss due to diseases causes by bacteria infection (Frans et al., 2011). In crab cultures, especially, during Portunus pelagicus larvae culture production, low or zero survival and high mortality rate occur due to bacterial infections particularly cause by Vibrio harveyi (Talpur et al., 2011). The most common symptoms of the disease are the larvae and juveniles will be fluorescent in dark light, loss of appetite leading to reduce growth rate and dark in hepatopancreas (Jithendran et al., 2010).
To overcome the problem, probiotic is an alternative way to control Vibrio sp. in crustacean cultures. Verschuere et al. (2000) stated that probiotics have beneficial effect to modify the microbial community which can enhanced its nutritional value and improve the environmental condition from the bacterial infections. There are several ways that the probiotic can be delivered to the culture system such as via food sources and formulation in the water. Artemia is essential in marine finfish and shellfish hatchery operations as a simple food during the earliest life stages and have been proven as a probiotic carrier (Hai et al., 2010). Even though there has been an improvement in fish nutrition industry there is still no artificial feed formulation available to completely substitute for Artemia.
In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L11 was chosen for in vivo tests since it had a good potential as probiont in antagonistic activity of co-culture assay towards V. harveyi and biofilm formation assay (Azrin et al., 2017). Blue crab juveniles were used in this study since it is known as crucial stage before they enter adult’s stage which tend to get expose to the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of B. amyloliquefaciens strain L11 as probiont in protecting Artemia and blue crab juveniles against V. harveyi infection. This study is important to be carried out in order to provide alternative ways for future farming of healthy blue crabs.
Bacterial isolates
B. amyloliquefaciens strain L11 isolated from adults of P. pelagicus (Azrin et al., 2017) was cultured in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) supplemented with 1.5% of NaCl while V. harveyi was grown on Thiosulphate Bile Salt (TCBS) and incubated at 30°C for 24h. Then, strain L11 and pathogenic V. harveyi were inoculated individually in 10 mL of Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) supplemented with 1.5% NaCl for overnight at 30°C in the incubator shakers (Innova & 42R) at 120 rpm. Next, the isolate was washed, centrifuged (Eppendorf, 5804R) at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes and suspended using sterilized saline for three times. The required concentration was adjusted prior to use.
Colonization of probiont in gnotobiotic Artemia nauplii
A 200 mg Artemia cyst (Bio-Marine brand) was put into a falcon tube containing 18 mL of tap water. Next, the cyst suspension was aerated for one hour at room temperature. After incubation, 660µL NaOH + 10 mL NaOCl was added to the cyst suspension. Then, the cyst suspensions were mixed regularly by using 1000µL micro-pipette. Next, Na2S2O3 was added to stop the reaction. The cyst suspension was passed over a 100µm sieve and rinsed with seawater. The cysts were transferred to a new sterile falcon tube containing 30 mL of FSSW and put on rotator and left for 24h to hatch. All the steps were done under laminar flow to prevent contamination.
Twenty Artemia nauplii were divided into new sterile falcon tubes with 30 mL of sterile seawater each. Strain L11 was added into the falcon tubes separately with different concentrations (106 CFU mL-1 and 108 CFU mL-1) and no probiont was added into control tubes. The falcon tubes were then placed onto a rotator which was set to medium speed. Each treatment was observed at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h and all the treatments were run in triplicate.
After that, the Artemia nauplii were separated from culture water of each treatment by passed over the Artemia in a sterile 100µm mesh siever. The Artemia were rinsed with filtered sterile seawater (FSSW) for three times and suspended in 1 mL of saline before homogenized. Next, the suspension underwent a serial dilution before being plated on TSA plates to quantify the numbers of strain L11 that able to penetrate the Artemia. After 24h of incubation at 30°C, the bacterial counts was done using ROCKER galaxy 230 colony counters and recorded.
Lethal concentration at 50% endpoint (LC50) test against Vibrio harveyi
Twenty blue crab juveniles with average weight of 50 mg and 5 mm in length were added to each aquarium contained 5 L of disinfected seawater. Each treatment was conducted in triplicate. A pathogenic V. harveyi was added to final concentrations of 102 CFU mL-1 (T1), 104 CFU mL-1 (T2), 106 CFU mL-1 (T3) and 108 CFU mL-1 (T4) in respective aquarium. Aquaria containing blue crab juveniles only (without V. harveyi) was served as survival control (T0). The mortality percentage of the larvae reached 50% was recorded and graph was plotted to determine the LC50 of pathogen which then be used in challenge assay.
Preliminary in vivo assay using Artemia fransiscana nauplii
In vivo Artemia nauplii challenge
The Artemia cysts were hatched in 35 ppt FSSW with continued aeration and high light intensity at 30oC for 24h. After 24h of hatching, 20 Artemia nauplii were divided into falcon tubes containing 30 ml of FSSW. Artemia were fed with yeast. Then, Artemia nauplii were pre-incubated with probiont strain L11 at two different concentrations (106 and 108 CFU mL-1) on the first day respectively. The concentrations were chosen based on LC50 results. On the next day, the Artemia nauplii were challenged with V. harveyi at concentration of 105 CFU mL-1. Artemia nauplii without any probiont and pathogen added was act as control. Treatments with probiont and V. harveyi only were served as survival and mortality control respectively. The treatment and control groups were conducted in triplicate. The falcon tubes containing Artemia were put on rotator with medium speed and Artemia were fed with yeast once daily. Observation was made until 50% mortality was reached in group with V. harveyi only and marked as the end of the experiment. The mortality was recorded every day during the experiment.
Vibrios count
Vibrios counts were done by separating the Artemia from culture water by filtering through 100µm mesh. Then, Artemia trapped in the sieve were washed three times using FSSW before homogenized using sterilized homogenizer. Serial dilutions were performed to quantify the numbers of vibrios in the Artemia. A 100µL of each sample was plated out on TCBS and incubated for overnight at 30oC. The colonies of Vibrios harveyi were counted and recorded.
Safety test of potential probionts on blue crab juveniles
Seawater for juvenile culture
UV treated seawater was filtered through a 10µm net and then sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (50 mg/L) for 24h. This procedure eliminated almost all naturally occurring bacteria in water, followed by neutralization with sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3).
Water Parameters
Temperature ranged from 27°C to 29°C in treatment tanks and controls. Salinity remained at 30 ppt in treated groups and controls. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.01-6.05 mg/L in treated groups and controls. While pH ranged from 8.00-8.31 in treated and controls.
Experimental design
A number of blue crab juveniles (20) with average weight 50 mg and 5 mm in length were divided into aquarium containing 5 L of disinfected seawater. Aeration was provided continuously. On the next day, strain L11 was added to the treatments groups according to final concentrations of 106 CFU mL-1 and 108 CFU mL-1 through immersion technique. The experiment was run in triplicates. Observation was made for seven days and mortality was recorded.
In vivo bacterial challenge assay using blue crab juveniles
Experimental design
This method is based on Talpur et al. (2012) with minor modifications on the numbers of crabs used. A number of crab juveniles (20) with average weight 50 mg and 5 mm in length were added to each 10 L aquaria contained 5 L of disinfected seawater. Each treatment was conducted in triplicates. Strain L11 was added to the final concentrations of 106 CFU mL-1 and 108 CFU mL-1 on day one in respective treatments.
After 24h incubation, V. harveyi with concentrations of 105 CFU mL-1 was added for challenge. Aquaria containing non-inoculated juveniles was served as survival control, while those inoculated with the pathogen only was served as mortality control. Aquaria treated with probiont strain L11 was served as probiotic control and aquaria with the mixture of probiotic and pathogen as treatments. Juveniles were maintained at 28°C and 31 ppt throughout the experiment. All aquaria were provided with continuously aeration. All juveniles were fed with commercial diet that contained no probiotic. Then, the survival of the juveniles were observed and recorded.
Vibrios count
A total plate count of Vibrio spp. was done in order to determine the effect of potential probiont on presumptive Vibrios count (yellow colony-forming, green colony-forming and luminous Vibrio count) in cultured water and crab juveniles. The samples were collected at the end of the experiment after living and dead juveniles were counted. The juvenile were filtered using nylon mesh (75µm) and washed three times with FSSW. The juveniles were then collected and placed into a sterile eppendorf tube and homogenized using sterile homogenizer. A serial dilution of the homogenized juveniles were made and 100µL of each dilution was pipetted and spread evenly onto TCBS agar medium. Each sample was run in triplicates. The plates were incubated for 24h at 30°C and colony forming unit were counted on the next day. Water samples from each treatment were also collected, diluted and plated using the same method as juveniles.
Growth rate
The growth rate of the blue crab was measured based on weight and mean length over culture period. The initial length and weight were measured at the beginning of the experiment and the final length and weight were measured at the end of the experiment.
Probiont colonization in gnotobiotic Artemia nauplii
In axenic Artemia, results demonstrated that strain L11 at 108 CFU mL-1 able to colonize as early as 6 h to the Artemia. However, strain L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 colonized in Artemia after 12 h of exposure (Fig. 1 & 2).
Fig. 1. The concentrations of probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L11 in Artemia at different time point. The Artemia was treated with probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L11 at 108 CFU mL-1. Mean with different alphabet letters indicates significant difference
Fig. 2. The concentrations of probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L11 in Artemia at different time point. The Artemia was treated with probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L11 at 106 CFU mL-1. Mean with different alphabet letters indicates significant differenceLethal concentration at 50% endpoint (LC50) test
Fifty percent mortality of the crab juveniles at concentration 105 CFU mL-1 reached after four days pre incubated with V. harveyi (Fig. 3). High mortalities (70 ± 1) were occurred in higher concentration (108 CFU mL-1) of V. harveyi.
Fig. 3. The LC50 of the different Vibrio harveyi concentrations were determined by incubated crab juvenile with Vibrio harveyi as preparation for challenged test. Vibrio harveyi at different concentration (102, 104, 106 and 108 CFU mL -1) was used for the test.Preliminary in vivo assay on Artemia nauplii
Survival and vibrios count
After five days of observation, results showed strain L11 was not harmful to the Artemia and able to confer protection towards Artemia against V. harveyi (Fig. 4). Artemia treated with strain L11 at concentration 106 CFU mL-1 (T5) had higher survival (62 ± 1%) after challenged with V. harveyi and significantly different with V. harveyi only (T4, 3 ± 0.3 ± 0). In addition, all treatments showed significant different in survival as compared to group with V. harveyi only. Artemia treated with 106 CFU mL-1 only showed the highest survival (67 ± 2%) after pre-incubated with strain L11.
Fig. 4. Survival of Artemia after pre incubated with different concentrations of probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L11 and challenged with 105 CFU mL-1 of Vibrio harveyi. T1 (Artemia only), T2 (B. amyloliquefaciens L11 at 106 CFU mL-1), T3 (B. amyloliquefaciens L11 at 108 CFU mL-1), T4 (V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 only), T5 (B. amyloliquefaciens L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1), T6 (B. amyloliquefaciens L11 at 108 CFU mL-1 + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1). Error bars indicates standard error (S.E). Mean with different alphabet letters indicates significant differenceThe Vibrios count in Artemia showed that strain L11 was able to reduce the numbers of Vibrio at the end of the challenged assay (Table 1). Group (T5, 8.83± 0.1 CFU mL-1) showed no significant different in the number of Vibrio compared to group with V. harveyi only (T4, 9.14± 0.1 CFU mL-1). However, probiont strain L11 at concentration of 108 CFU mL-1 (T6), showed significant different in number of Vibrio loads with 8.65± 0.09 CFU mL-1 compared to group of V. harveyi only.
Table (1):
Vibrio count in Artemia after pre-incubated at different concentration of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens L11 (106 and 108 CFU mL-1) and challenged with 105 CFU mL-1 of Vibrio harveyi. Different alphabet indicated significant different among treatments (p<0.05)
Treatments |
Descriptions |
Log10 CFU mL-1 |
|---|---|---|
T4 |
V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
9.14±0.1a |
T5 |
B. amyloliquefaciens L11 106 CFU mL-1, + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
8.83±0.1a,b |
T6 |
B. amyloliquefaciens L11 108 CFU mL-1, + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
8.65±0.09b |
Blue crab juveniles challenge test
Survival
After five days, group of strain L11 at concentration of 106 CFU mL-1 and challenged with V. harveyi had significant survival (42 ± 1%) compared to the challenged group with no probiont added (12 ± 1%) indicated protection effect conferred by the probiont. Non-challenged group with probiont showed no significant survival (60 ± 1%) compared to the control group (58 ± 1%) (Fig. 5). This demonstrated that the probiont was not harmful to the juveniles.
Fig. 5. Survival of crab juveniles treated with probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L11 at concentration of 106 CFU mL-1 and challenged with Vibrio harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1. T1 (control, crab only), T2 (B. amyloliquefaciens L11 at 106 CFU mL-1), T3 (B. amyloliquefaciens L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1), T4 (V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL -1 only). Mean with different alphabet letters indicates significant differenceVibrios count
Strain L11 was able to reduce number of Vibrios in crab juvenile and as well as in water culture compared with crab juveniles with V. harveyi only (Table 2). Vibrios count in crab juveniles with no probiont added was higher (7.05 ± 1 CFU mL-1) compared with group with the addition of strain L11 (4.87 ± 1 CFU mL-1). However, there was no significant different between those two groups.
Table (2):
Vibrios count in crab juvenile after pre-incubated with probiont B. amyloliquefaciens L11 and challenged with 105 CFU mL-1 of Vibrio harveyi. Different alphabet indicated significant different among treatments (p<0.05)
Treatments |
Descriptions |
Log10 CFU mL-1 |
|---|---|---|
T3 |
B. amyloliquefaciens L11 106 CFU mL-1, + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
7.05±1a |
T4 |
V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
4.87±1a |
There was a significant different in reduction of Vibrios in culture water added with probiont compared with treatment without probiont added. Vibrios count in group of V. harveyi was 6.56 ± 1.2 CFU mL-1 while with addition of probiont was 7.27 ± 1.5 CFU mL-1 (Table 3).
Table (3):
Vibrios count in water samples after pre-incubated with probiont B. amyloliquefaciens L11 and challenged with 105 CFU mL-1 of Vibrio harveyi. Different alphabet indicated significant different among treatments (p<0.05)
Treatments |
Descriptions |
Log10 CFU mL-1 |
|---|---|---|
T3 |
B. amyloliquefaciens L11 106 CFU mL-1, + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
7.27±1.5a |
T4 |
V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1 |
6.56±1.2b |
Specific Growth rate (SGR)
The weight of blue crab juveniles treated with strain L11 at concentration 106 CFU mL-1 was increased slightly compared to control (Fig. 6). The increased was significant if compared between treatments without probiont. In addition, the growth rate of the crab treated with probiont and challenged with V. harveyi also showed an increased in growth rate but it was not significant compared with V. harveyi only. Other than that, the juveniles with V. harveyi only was slower in growth as compared with other treatment. The growth rate was ranging between 0.8% to 1.4% in treatments after five days of challenged.
Fig. 6. Specific growth rate of the of the blue crab juvenile treated with probiont Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 against Vibrio harveyi after 5 days of challenged test. T1 (control, crab only), T2 (strain L11 at 106 CFU mL-1), T3 (strain L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 + V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL-1), T4 (V. harveyi at 105 CFU mL -1 only). Mean with different alphabet letters indicates significant differenceMean length increment
No significant difference in length was observed in all groups. The length of the juveniles increased 2% in all treatments.
According to Tan et al. (2016) probiotics are being used instead of antibiotic since it is shown to improve survival rate, growth and provide better health status of the host. Other than that, it also stimulates the immune response of the organism against disease and infection (Neway-Fyzul et al., 2014). In aquaculture system, probiotic can be delivered to the culture organism through formulated feed or directly dispersed into the water. In hatchery, life feed such Artemia fransiscana was used as carrier of probiotics to fish and crustaceans (Hai et al., 2010). In this study, Artemia was used as a host in preliminary in vivo challenged test and for probiotic colonization test. Results demonstrated that probiont strain L11 was able to colonize in Artemia body as early as 6 h after pre incubated at two different concentrations which were 106 and 108 CFU mL-1 respectively. According to Korkea-Aho et al. (2012) and Lazado et al. (2011), probiotic bacteria that enter the host body will be colonized and occupied the digestive tract site and growth in intestinal mucus site in order to compete with the pathogen (Sorroza et al., 2012).
Strain L11 at 108 CFU mL-1 took as early as six hours to penetrate into the Artemia body. The results was in line with Campbell et al. (1993) which demonstrated that formalin-killed bacteria showed maximum uptake of V. anguillarum occurred at 60 min in a bacterial concentration of 1.5 x 107 CFU ml-1, while at a lower concentration of 1.5 x 106 CFU ml-1, a peak was observed after 120 mins. This may suggest that Artemia were able to utilize the potential probiont when given at higher concentration and different time. The delivery of probiont to the target host should also be considered since it is also important to choose the mode of delivery either through pharmaceutical formulations or via food-based products (Govender et al., 2014).
Moreover, probiont strain L11 showed ability to protect Artemia from V. harveyi infection with significant survival rate. According to Talpur et al. (2012) probiotic bacteria were able to reduce numbers of pathogen in Artemia compared with no probiotic added. Another study done by Giarma et al. (2017), found that the Artemia survivals were not significantly affected by different probiotic and different concentration of probiotic used. However, the probitic Bacillus was able to confer protection and increased survival rate after challenged with V. anguillarum. The used of probiont at concentration 106 CFU mL-1 was recorded as a suitable concentration for Artemia. Furthermore, strain L11 applied at concentration of 108 CFU mL-1 was also able to reduce Vibrio loads in the Artemia at end of the challenge assay.
According to Lakshmi et al. (2013), crustacean such crabs are lack of immuno-globulin and lymphocyte in their immune system if compared with vertebrate. Since that, they only depend on their innate system as protector in open environment. Thus, the use of probiotic may able to provide protection and increase its growth rate. In this study, the preliminary test using Artemia, was found that strain L11 demonstrated good protection and able to colonize into the host faster.
In in vivo study, 50% of mortality of crab juveniles were found after 5 days of challenge with V. harveyi with no probiont added. The adherence of the pathogen via flagellar motility tends to increase the ability to colonize and attached to host surface for infection (McCarter, 2004). Defoirdt (2013) stated that the crab juveniles death starts with the infection and multiplication of the pathogen inside the tissue and cell. These scenarios will cause a damaged to the crab tissue and the pathogen will leave the cell and back to water culture. The cycle will start all again and ready for next crab juvenile infect. However, the additions of the probiotic bacteria into the culture system will help to break the cycle.
Total plate count of Vibrios in culture water showed significant reduction after challenge assay. However, no reduction of Vibrios was found in the juveniles. This study also suggests that the concentration of probiont used should be higher than the pathogen to acquire full protection by inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. It was in line with study done by Vaseehan and Ramasamy, (2003) which suggested that the antagonist must be present at significantly higher levels than the pathogen and the degree of inhibition increased with the level of antagonist. The results agreed with study done by Talpur et al. (2012) which reported survival of blue crab larvae with probiotic are higher if compared with no probiotic.
Moreover, the used of probiont not only conferred protection to the juveniles but also able to increase weight since they only depend on their innate system as protector in open environment. In this study, the delivery of probiotics to the crab through water immersion is considered as the best methods since crab weight are slightly increased if compared to the crab weight without probiotic as supplements.
In this study, probiont B. amylolique-faciens strain L11 was found not harmful to the Artemia nauplii and crab juveniles. It is also able to confer protection against V. harveyi which increased the survival of blue crab juveniles and decreased Vibrios load. It could be used as supplemental nutrient due to increase of the SGR of the juveniles in this study. Other than that, it also able to colonize in Artemia. Thus, this strain has a potential as probiont for crab cultures.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) through SATREPS JICA-JST COSMOS 2016-2021 and Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HiCoE) grant of Innovative Vaccine and Therapeutics against Fish Diseases, Vote No.: 6369100 and Universiti Putra Malaysia under High Performance Individual Research Grants UPM/700-2/1/GPB/2017/9553100.
Conflict Of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Authors’ Contribution
All authors have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Data Availability
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.
Ethics Statement
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
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