“Thermophiles 2011” held in Big Sky, Montana, USA during 11-16^th September, 2011 was the eleventh international conference on thermophiles. More than 300 researchers from all corners of the globe discussed their research and findings  on thermophiles viz. ecology, phylogenetics, evolution, physiology, metabolism, molecular and cell biology, genetic and environmental adaptations, mobile genetic elements, genomics and metagenomics of these fascinating high temperature loving microbes. The conference Thermophiles 2011 was of twelve academic sessions.