ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
and Ashraf Khalifa2,3 Deciphering the biological resources across the Saudi niches is highly recommended for the prosperity. To this end, the aim of the current work was to isolate thermophilic bacteria from unexplored areas of Al-Ahsa region, and investigate their phenotypic characteristics. Three soil samples were collected from different desert sites of Al-Ahsa region. Thermophilic bacteria were isolated directly for soil samples into Thermus medium broth as a standard method. Single colonies of the actively growing bacterial isolates were preserved in 20% glycerol then kept at -80°C. The isolates were screened for production of thermostable enzymes using the commercially available kit API20E strip (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). Incubation were carried out at 50°C. It can be concluded that thermophilic bacteria in Al-Ahsa region harbor novel thermostable enzymes that might have biotechnological applications, in future.
Thermophilic bacteria, Al-Ahsa, Phenotypic characterization
Bacteria are ubiquitous prokaryotic microorganisms. The term thermophilic bacteria is applied to the group of bacteria that can grow optimally at a higher temperature range (45°C -70°C) than usual. The reason of their survival is due to the production of thermostable bioactive compounds, which are both made at high temperatures (ALrumman et al., 2018). Therefore, thermophilic bacteria are attractive research candidates as they produce bio-based chemicals, which have potential biotechnological applications (Marcano-Velazquez et al., 2019).
Hot springs are very hot places where thermophilic bacteria exist (ALrumman, 2018). An investigation has been conducted on thermophilic bacteria obtained from hot springs located in the south of Saudi Arabia. In that study, approximately 60% (50 out of 84 isolates have exhibited antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacterial species; Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumonia Candida albican Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus (ALrumman et al., 2018). These findings suggest that the raise of awareness is needed because the isolating thermophilic bacteria could be promising candidates for obtaining novel biologically-active molecules of biotechnological applications (ALrumman et al., 2018).
Moving on, enzymes have been used in everyday products like cheese detergents and the production of leather. Enzymes have key roles in triggering such applications (Rigoldi et al., 2018). Enzymes are proteins catalyze specific chemical reactions in biological systems (Lee & deMan, 2018). One of these enzymes include the thermostable enzymes where they depend on thermophilic bacteria. Thermostable enzymes are extremophilic molecules that have various applications in industry and medicine (Kambourova, 2018).
It has been reported that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produced thermostable enzymes amylase, lipase and protease that exhibitated obvious activities 55°C. Such enzymes could play a milestone role in production of biofuel in the cleaning and greening stages (Devaraj et al., 2018). Thermophilic bacteria attract the researchers’ attention for their unique capabilities to grow at elevated temperatures. Cellular components and bioactive macromolecules (e.g., enzymes) of these bacteria exhibit an incredible stability to heat than those of the mesophilic bacteria. Thermostable enzymes are a milestone in biotechnological applications such as food and paper industry, bioremediation,
Despite many studies have reported thermophilic bacteria in various ecological niches, their diversity is not entirely covered. Furthermore, due to their ecofriendly nature, promising efficiency and the mild reaction conditions, thermostable enzymes significantly exceed the chemical catalysts in industrial purposes. Additionally, little is known about thermophilic bacteria and their thermostable enzymes in Al-Ahsa. Therefore, it is of interest to explore the thermophilic bacteria indigenous to Al-Ahsa soils and assess their potentials for production of thermostable enzymes that can be exploited in industrial applications. The biological question is; does Al-Ahsa desert harbor thermophilic bacteria that are capable of producing thermostable enzymes for exploitation in new biotechnological applications.
In order to answer the biological question that was already asked earlier, a design describing the various steps in methodology was proposed (Fig. 1). As can be seen in the flowchart, collection of desert soils from different places within Al-Ahsa region was the first step. Isolation of thermophilic bacterial isolates came second. The isolated bacteria were purified in order to obtain single colonies that represent potential single species and preserved, in the third step. Morphological characterization of the bacterial isolates based on the Gram reaction was carried out in the fourth steps. Finally, the bacterial isolates were tested for their abilities to produce thermostable enzymes using the kit API20E strip (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France).
Fig. 1. Design of the experimental work carried out in the current study.
Collection of soil samples
Three soil samples were collected from different desert sites of Al-Ahsa region as shown in Table 1.
Table (1):
Sand Samples Addresses.
| Coordinates | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Name | Address | Latitude | Longitude |
| 1 | Juatha Desert | Al Kulabiyah, Juatha 36348, Saudi Arabia | 25.46399 | 49.6705609 |
| 2 | Al Taraf Desert | Al Taraf, 36353, Saudi Arabia | 25.4676068 | 49.678829 |
| 3 | Sharq Desert | 4735, Al Hufuf and Al Mubarraz 36443, Saudi Arabia | 25.2847099 | 49.6192309 |
Isolation of thermophilic bacteria
Thermophilic bacteria were isolated directly from soil samples into Thermus medium 1033 broth (Ibrahim and El-diwany 2007) after appropriate dilutions in saline solutions. Flasks were incubated at 45°C for 72 h with shaking. After incubation, aliquots of the bacterial culture will be streaked into Thermus medium 1033 plates in order to get single colonies.
Preservation of the bacterial isolates
Actively growing bacterial isolates were preserved in 20% glycerol then kept at -80°C.
Morphological characterization of the bacterial isolates
In order to determine the shape and the Gram reaction, bacterial isolates were stained using Gram staining following the standard protocol.
Testing for thermostable enzymes
The bacterial isolates were tested for their ability to produce thermostable enzymes using the commercially available kit API20E strip (bioMerieux, France) following the instructions of the manufacturer. Strips were incubated at 45°C for 24 h. The experiment will be carried out in triplicate. Water instead of bacterial culture will serve as negative control.
Details about the substrates and enzymes to be tested are presented in table 1.
Collection of soil samples
In this study, three desert soils were collected from three different sites in Al-Ahsa region. Details about the sites of collection were presented in Table 1 and Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Sites of Collections
Isolation and purification of thermophilic bacteria
Five bacterial isolates from the three desert, after incubation period of 48h at 45°C (Fig. 3). To avoid redundancy, three purified bacterial isolates were selected for further characterization, based on the similarities in colony appearance. The isolates were designated NASA1(from Juatha desert), KSA3A and KSA3B (from Sharq desert) (Fig. 3 and 4 ). The isolates exhibited good growth at 45°C and 50°C indicating their thermophilic nature.
Fig. 3. Isolation of bacterial from desert soils
Fig. 4. Purification of bacterial isolates.
Morphological characterization
The results of Gram staining were presented in Fig. 5. NASA1 and KSA3B were Gram-positive rods, while KSA3A was Gram-negative rods, as they appeared purple and red in colour, respectively. The differences in reaction towards Gram staining in generally attributed to the differences in the chemical structure of the bacterial cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria has more peptidoglycan and less lipids that the Gram-negative bacteria possessed.
Fig. 5. Gram reaction of the bacterial isolates
Testing for thermostable enzymes
The results of the biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates as obtained using the kit API20E strip (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) were presented in Fig. 6. The change in colour is an indication of the substrate utilization and therefore the corresponding enzymes production. As can be seen in Fig. 6, NASA1, KSA3A and KSA3B, reacted positively to 8, 7 and 6 out of 20 testers examined, respectively (Table 2). The three bacterial isolates were able to utilize arginine, lysine, ornithine and glucose. This highlighted that the ability of our isolates in producing thermostable enzyme that were involved in the utilization of the substrates tested; they were to produce Lysine decarboxylase, Ornithine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase and glucokinase. The first three enzymes have potential in biogeochemical cycles via their ability to metabolize the relevant amino acids and their derivatives. However, glucokinase is the key enzyme in glucose metabolism. Glucose is an important source for ethanol formation under anaerobic conditions. Unlike other isolates, NASA1 showed an obvious ability to consume Melibiose, Amygdalin, and Arabinose but couldn’t produce urease. KSA3A was the only isolate that could metabolize mannitol. Such diversity with respect to various substrates tested highlighted a metabolic variability among the isolates under consideration.
Table (2):
Results of the API 20 NE kit.
NO |
Substrate |
Enzyme involved/ reaction tested |
NASA1 |
KSA3A |
KSA3B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
ONPG * |
Beta-galactosidase |
– |
– |
– |
2 |
Arginine |
Arginine dihydrolase |
+ |
+ |
+ |
3 |
Lysine |
Lysine decarboxylase |
+ |
+ |
+ |
4 |
Ornithine |
Ornithine decarboxylase |
+ |
+ |
+ |
5 |
Citrate |
Citrate utilization |
– |
+ |
+ |
6 |
Na thiosulfate |
H2S production |
– |
– |
– |
7 |
Urea |
Urease |
– |
+ |
+ |
8 |
Tryptophan |
Deaminase |
– |
– |
– |
9 |
Tryptophan |
Indole production |
– |
– |
– |
10 |
Na pyruvate |
Acetoin production |
– |
– |
– |
11 |
Charcoal gelatin |
Gelatinase |
– |
– |
– |
12 |
Glucose |
Fermentation/oxidation |
+ |
+ |
+ |
13 |
Mannitol |
Fermentation/oxidation |
– |
+ |
– |
14 |
Inositol |
Fermentation/oxidation |
– |
– |
– |
15 |
Sorbitol |
Fermentation/oxidation |
– |
– |
– |
16 |
Rhamnose |
Fermentation/oxidation |
+ |
– |
– |
17 |
Sucrose |
Fermentation/oxidation |
– |
– |
– |
18 |
Melibiose |
Fermentation/oxidation |
+ |
– |
– |
19 |
Amygdalin |
Fermentation/oxidation |
+ |
– |
– |
20 |
Arabinose |
Fermentation/oxidation |
+ |
– |
– |
Fig. 6. Results of the API 20 NE kit for the three bacterial isolates. Positive and negative controls are also presented for comparison.
The enzymes involved in mannitol catabolism are mannitol-2-dehydrogenase and fructokinase. It is worth mentioning that mannitol, sugar alcohol, accounts up to 30% of the dry weight of many brown algae. Therefore, obtaining a local bacterial isolate that can metabolize mannitol as an initial step for biofuel production from seaweeds in coastal regions. This will contribute significantly in converting the wastes into energy via a biological bioreactor. Renewable sources of energy is a key goal of the development.
To obtain local and efficient thermophilic bacterial isolates from Al-Ahsa desert is of premium importance in production of biotechnological applications such as biofuel production of wastes of seaweeds in a multistep process. Invaded bacterial isolates usually fail to cope with the prevailing conditions in Al-Ahsa region. The bacterial isolates could act as a collaborative team to execute the dedicated tasks efficiently in a sequential manner.
Three thermophilic bacterial were successfully isolated from the local desert soils in Al-Ahsa region. Isolation of novel thermophilic bacterial isolates from previously unexplored desert sites in Al-Ahsa represent a step forward in shedding the light on the diversity of thermophilic microorganisms. This could lead to identification of new bacterial taxa and enzymes. Additionally, testing the isolated bacteria for their abilities to produce 20 different enzymes in one step can be viewed as a creative step in the current study. Furthermore, deciphering the metabolic machinery of the bacterial isolates for thermostable enzymes may lead to novel industrial application of such enzymes in future. Searching of alternative renewable sources of energy is well-fitted with current study. The bacteria exhibited a profound ability to produce certain thermostable enzymes that could be exploited in production of biofuel. For instance, ethanol could be produced from mannitol, a dominant sugar alcohol in brown algae using the mannitol-2-dehydrogenase and fructokinase. The conditions should be optimized for maximum production of bioethanol, in future. Such strains are considered as precious bacterial wealth for renewable energy, to achieve the goals of the development vision.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Biological Sciences Department, College of Sciences, King Faisal University, for providing access to the Microbiology Laboratory to conduct this work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
AK designed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. AA performed the experiments, compiled information from the literature, and designed the Fig.s and tables. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
FUNDING
None.
ETHICS STATEMENT
Not applicable.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.
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