ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
Ma. Angeles Valencia de Ita1
, Conrado Parraguirre Lezama1, Alfredo Baez Simon1, Luis A. Morales Mora1, Manuel Huerta Lara2, Beatriz Laug Garcia3 and Omar Romero-Arenas1
In vitro antagonistic effect of different strains of 4 Trichoderma sp. namely T. harzianum, T. viride and T. atroviride and T. hamatum were evaluated against pathogenic fungi isolated from Nopal vegetable crops in San Sebastian Villanueva region Puebla, Mexico. The pathogenic fungi were Pythium sp., Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. Present investigation revealed T. harzianum inhibited maximum 73.7 and 68% radial growth of Fusarium sp. and on Colletotrichum sp. Trichoderma hamatum inhibited maximum 71.6 and 73.8% radial growth of Colletotrichum sp. and Pythium sp., respectively.
Biological control, fungal diseases, Opuntia sp
The Nopal vegetable Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) in Mexico is one of the foods with the highest consumption, so its production has increased; going from 723 thousand tons produced in 2013 to 853 tons in 2018 in an area of 21,163,051.24 hectares, leaving an economic spill of $27,392,486.24 per year. Puebla occupies the fourth place in prickly Nopal vegetable production, with a production of 31,924.05 tons, the municipality of Acatzingo being one of the main producers with 9,344.50 tons, leaving an economic spill of $20,199.09 by the end of 20181.
Prickly Nopal vegetable cultivation has represented a productive; because it does not need large amounts of water and can thrive on marginal land or thrive in conditions where other traditional crops could not2,3. Productivity is reduced by several factors, among which are phytopathogenic diseases, mainly caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pythium sp. and Fusarium solani4. The growing global concern about the damages caused by the excessive use of synthetic pesticides in human health, the environment, biodiversity and food security, has led to a general rejection of chemical control in agricultural production5. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations6 reported that in 2013 global agricultural production of 23.34 trillion tons was obtained; For which 1.29 million tons of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and bactericides) were applied. In Mexico, it is estimated that in 2007, 100,000 tons of these compounds were commercialized, equivalent to 4% of world consumption7.
The drawback of this type of control is highly related to the generation of resistance of phytopathogens8. Under this premise, alternatives are needed to decrease the damage caused by phytopathogenic fungi, therefore, biological control with antagonistic microorganisms has great potential9, since it is considered one of the most efficient and ecologically viable practices in the development of sustainable agriculture10.
The genus Trichoderma (Persoon) is the most relevant antagonist for the control of phytopathogenic fungi which are capable of controlling a large number of fungi that affect plants of agricultural interest9. The success and its use are due to mechanisms of action, such as competition, mycoparasitism, antibiosis and the production of volatile compounds that reduce the infection of causal agents in plants11. Trichoderma species have a high reproductive capacity and ecological plasticity coupled with the presence of microbial inhibitors, which give it great antagonistic activity12. The Nopal is a vegetable that is mainly consumed fresh and it is necessary to obtain healthy and innocuous products, which is why an etiological determination is essential for good crop management. Consequently, the objective of this work was to determine the antagonistic capacity and the percentage of inhibition of the radial growth in vitro of 4 strains of Trichoderma spp., on fungal isolates of the Nopal vegetable crop in San Sebastian Villanueva, Acatzingo, Puebla-Mexico.
Isolation zone
The samples were collected in the months of May-June 2019, from commercial crops of prickly pear cactus on an area of 1,000 m2 with 5-year-old plants belonging to the community of San Sebastian Villanueva, municipality of Acatzingo Puebla-Mexico, located between the parallels 19°07’94’ ‘north latitude and 97°70’93‘’ west longitude at a height of 2,400 masl. 16 transects of 10 x 6 m were made on cladodes presenting symptoms of fungal diseases; of which 0.5 cm2 tissue were cut and placed in humid chambers then transfer to the laboratory. The samples with symptoms of fungal attack (phytopathogens) were disinfected with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite. These samples were washed three times with sterile distilled water, dried with sterile paper, 100 µL of dilution 106 were plated with antibiotic PDA agar (gentamicin 2 mL/Lt), pH 5.5 and incubated at 26 ± 2°C for 7 days. Once the fungal colonies had grown, they were purified by tip hyphae13.
Morphological characterization
The generic identification of purified fungi from tissue was carried out by comparing the morphological characteristics of the colony and the type of structures with taxonomic identification keys14, in a microculture system using an optical microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) at 1,000x magnifications. The colonies of the different fungi characterized in PDA plates (Agar-Papa-Dextrose, Bioxon ™) were used to evaluate growth and development rate using the formula TD = VCF-VCI / Number of days; measuring the diameter in mm of the colonies every 24 hours for 10 days9.
Evaluation of the antagonism of 4 strains of Trichoderma spp., against phytopathogenic fungi
The evaluation of the antagonism of 4 different Trichoderma strains with 3 repeats each, of which the T. hamatum strain SAH3, was used as a control and the variables to measure where the development rate and the antagonistic capacity of the treatments on the isolated phytopathogenic fungi. The dual culture technique8 was used, whereby, for each treatment, a 5 mm diameter disk with active mycelium of 8-day old fungal colonies of selected pathogenic fungus were deposited in one end of Petri dishes with PDA and allowed to develop for 3 days, for its slow growth. Subsequently, at the other end of the box, were deposited disks of 5 mm discs of the involved strains of Trichoderma spp., incubating at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12 h and 40% relative humidity. Mushroom growth readings were taken every 24 h with a Vernier; to determine the number of days at the first contact between the hyphae of the two fungi, the intersection zone after planting Trichoderma spp., with these data the “Percentage of inhibition of radial growth” was determined, applying the formula (PICR). To complement the evidence of antagonism, each trial was compared and classified in one of the 5 levels of the Bell scale15 (Table 1).
PICR = [ R1 – R2 / R1 ] × 100
Where:
R1: diameter of the control (average of the radial growth of the triplicates of each strain).
R2: diameter of the tested organism.
Table (1):
Bell15 antagonism scale.
Class |
Features |
|---|---|
I |
Growth of Trichoderma sp., Which covered the entire surface of the medium and reduced the pathogen colony. |
II |
Growth of Trichoderma sp., Which covered at least 2/3 parts of the medium. |
III |
Trichoderma sp., and plant pathogen grew 1/2 and 1/2 the surface of the medium, one did not overlap the other. |
IV |
Pathogenic fungus grew at least 2/3 parts of the medium and resisted the invasion of Trichoderma sp. |
V |
Growth of the pathogen that covered the entire surface of the medium. |
Biological material
The evaluation of the antagonism was made with the TH-T4 strain of Trichoderma harzianum, TH-T3 Trichoderma viride, SAH3 Trichoderma hamatum, and TH-T1 of Trichoderma atroviride belonging to the Genetic Resources Center of the Agroecology Center of the Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla (BUAP).
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed with ANOVA (two-way) in the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 statistical package. Growth rate, development rate, and PICR were the response variables with three replications. The experiment was repeated twice for validation. A comparison of means was made by the Tukey-Kramer method with a probability level of p≤0.05.
Characterization of phytopathogens from the Nopal vegetable crop
The pathogenic fungi were from infected plant tissues of the Nopal vegetable crop, from the municipality of Acatzingo Puebla-Mexico. The pathogenic fungi were Colletotrichum sp. (M7), Fusarium sp. (M4) and Pythium sp. (M6).
Among the main diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi in the cultivation of prickly pear vegetables in the community of San Sebastian Villanueva, black spot is of greater importance, due to its high incidence during the production cycle as well as being favored by the presence of moisture and damage mechanical, as reported by Mendez-Gallegos16, who mentioned that the presence of C. gloesporoides is associated with black spot in an advanced stage of the disease. The isolation of the phytopathogen was made in cladodes that had sunken black lesions, in a kind of concentric rings that developed in a limited area, these symptoms are currently described as anthracnose17.
Fig. 1. (A) Macronidia of Fusarium sp., to 100X; (B) Conidiomas of Colletotrichum sp., to 100X; (C) Oogonia to Pythium sp., to 100X.
The M7 strain presented radial colonies of gray color with a cottony appearance, septate mycelium, conidiomata, conidiophores and setae formed directly on hyphae. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, the apex rounded, the base rounded to truncate, their size varies between 16-18 µ long and 3-4 µ wide18 (Fig. 1A). The morphological characteristics corresponding to Colletotrichum sp., Found in this work, are similar to those reported by Montero17. De la Torre23 quotes Colletotrichum sp. as a cause of anthracnose in the genus Opuntia. Quezada4 report as a saprophyte, taking advantage of the conditions set by Pseudocercospora sp. to develop in diseased tissue; However, in the isolates carried out in this work, this fungus was not found, being C. gloesporoides the one with the highest incidence in the cladode isolates that presented the black spot. Montero17, have reported that Fusarium sp. Along with the aforesaid fungi, it acts as a causal agent of this disease, causing stains and rots in the cladode tissue, contrasting with what was found in this research. Likewise, Villa19 reported Fusarium oxysporum causing root rot in most agricultural crops, initially penetrating the root asymptomatically and later colonizing vascular tissue and triggering massive wilt, necrosis and chlorosis of the aerial parts.
The M4 strain was characterized as a species belonging to the genus Fusarium. Fungal colonies developed abundant aerial mycelium, with a cottony texture and a white-pink color, and stained the agar with shades between purple and violet, aerial and abundant, fusiform macronidia with transverse concepts and ellipsoidal and piriform microconidia20 (Fig. 1B), can form masses (simulate heads) but never chains. In addition to macroconidia with the typical sickle or moon shape and have from one to five septa21.
The species of the genus Pythium are particularly destructive to the root system of some agricultural crops18, they produce a disease known as drowning and wilting (Damping off) in a large number of seedlings, and it also causes rotting of fruits and stems22, in addition, it is associated with fungi of the genus Phytophthora and Fusarium18. Pythium sp., it was identified in this work, which is reported by De la Torre23, as a cause of rots in Opuntia sp. According to its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, two different species were found of this pathogen, and it is convenient to carry out a molecular identification.
The M6 strain was characterized as a species belonging to the Pythium genus. It presented thin whitish hyphae with a tree-like upward growth, white-black mycelium, aerial and abundant. Oogonia equinulate and reticulated-walled (Fig. 1C); asexual reproduction structures that are represented by zoospores that produce intercalary zoosporangia.
Phytopathogen development rate
According to the analysis of variance, a significant difference is found between the growth rate of the different fungi, for which one isolate represented a higher development rate compared to the rest (Fig. 2). Of the isolated phytopathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum sp., was the one that presented a higher rate of development with an average of 51 mm/day in PDA culture medium, a value that is similar to that quoted by Rojas24 in his research, where C. gloesporoides under a range of 25-30°C it grew between 44 and 53 mm/day. This result showed to be high compared to that reported by Morales25, where C. gloesporoides under conditions similar to those of this experiment had a maximum growth of 24 mm/day, similar to that reported by Montero17, who mentions a growth rate between 24 and 31 mm/day. However, Akhter26 reports a radial growth of 63 mm/day, being greater than what was found in this investigation.
* Different letters mean significant difference between treatments according to Tukey (p≤0.05).
Fig. 2. Growth of fungi found in the Nopal vegetable crop.
For Fusarium sp. the growth was 48 mm/day, which differs from that reported by other authors, where Fusarium sp. it presents between 70 and 73 mm/day in PDA27, unlike what was mentioned by Neagu and Borda28, where in barley and rice media it grows up to 98 and 99 mm/day. For sample M6 (Pythium sp) 40 mm/day, representing the lowest growth values of the total isolated fungi. Colletotrichum sp., grows faster compared to the other isolated fungi, which shows its greater aggressiveness and this can also explain the higher frequency of isolated colonies as well as the highest incidence in the field.
Antagonistic capacity of strains of Trichoderma spp. on nopal vegetable culture phytopathogens
In the present investigation, the Trichoderma species used showed various degrees of inhibition on the isolated fungi. The criterion for selecting the best strains was considering the highest percentage of inhibition, which varied from 8 to 73.8% (Fig. 3), so that the strains corresponding to T. harzianum and SAH3 (T. hamatum) which served as control, are those that showed the best results according to the Tukey test (p <0.05). Inhibition of radial growth in dual culture is attributed to substances released by one or both organisms or by competition.
* Different letters mean significant difference between treatments according to Tukey (p≤0.05).
Fig. 3. Percentage of inhibition (PICR) of Trichoderma strains on phytopathogenic fungi of the Nopal vegetable culture in vitro.
The parasitic action exerted by one fungus on another is called hyperparasitism, this is because some fungi produce cellulases and antibiotics and can metabolize chitin; Tapwal29 report than T. harzianum, T. viride and T. malignorum, as biological control agents on phytopathogenic fungi such as R. solani, Pythium sp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., C. gloesporoides, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizovtonia endophytica and other pathogenic fungi that reduce agricultural production.
The SAH3 strain had the highest inhibition values with 73.8 and 71.6% over the Pythium sp. T. harzianum stopped the growth of Fusarium sp., by 73.7% and Colletotrichum sp., by 68.9%. The strain with the lowest inhibition value was T. atroviride on Colletotrichum sp., with 8%.
Some authors cite T. harzianum and T. viride with potential for the control of fungi of the genera Pythium and Fusarium in various agricultural crops30,31, in the case of the present work, the Trichoderma strains exerted a percentage of inhibition greater than 50% for Pythium and Fusarium, except for T. hamatum, whose value was lower.
The values of T. harzianum, T. viride and T. atroviride with the exception of T. hamatum had values above 50% on Fusarium sp., this is similar to that reported by Sundaramoorthy and Balabaskar32, who mention T. harzianum with potential for the biocontrol of F. oxysporum in tomato, by inhibiting it’s in vitro growth by 53%. The results of this investigation are high compared to that reported by Sierra33 for F. subglutinans, where the highest percentages are in correspondence with T. atroviride with 48%.
According to the classification of Bell15 antagonisms at 7 days of observation, the isolates were located between classes I, II and III. Most of them remained under scale I were Trichoderma inhibited the total growth of the phytopathogens, such as T. harzianum case. The strain of T. atroviride had the lowest percentage of inhibition on Colletotrichum sp., Remaining on scale III, where both strains were developed in 50% of the culture media (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Bell15 scale at 7 days of observation; T. hamatum presented a type II antagonism against Colletotrichum sp. (A), type I in Fusarium sp. (E) and Pythium sp. (I); T. harzianum, presented a type I antagonism against Colletotrichum (B), Fusarium sp. (F) and Pythium sp. (J); T. viride, I present a type II antagonism against Colletotrichum sp. (C), Fusarium sp. (G) and Pythium sp. (K) and T. atroviride, I present a type III antagonism against Colletotrichum sp. (D), type I for Fusarium sp. (H) and Pythium sp. (L).
Rodriguez and Veneros34 pointed out that T. harzianum showed class 2 antagonistic capacity according to the Bell scale on isolated fungi of C. gloesporoides, Stemphylium lycopersici, F. oxysporum, A. alternata, indicating that the antagonist invaded ½ of the surface of the colony of the pathogenic fungus, similar results in the present investigation. Reyes35 reported that one of the significant characteristics of the genus Trichoderma is its high growth rate, which gives it the possibility of being a good competitor for space and nutrients, fundamentally, in vitro conditions against pathogens that cause plant diseases.
Three pathogens were identified in the nopal vegetable crop, being Colletotrichum sp. the most representative in San Sebastian Villanueva, Puebla, followed to a lesser extent by Fusarium sp. and Pythium sp.
The strains of the species T. harzianum and T. hamatum showed the highest percentage of inhibition (70%) which represents a potential in biological control of the phytopathogens found in the community of San Sebastian Villanueva, municipality of Acatzingo Puebla-Mexico.
The analyzes of antagonism tests through in vitro bioassays, constitute an important parameter to know the competitive capacity of the species in relation to the phytopathogenic fungi and to establish a selection strategy for their control.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado (VIEP) of the Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla (BUAP) for the financial support for this research, as well as CONACYT for the support received.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
FUNDING
The authors thank the Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado (VIEP) of the Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla (BUAP), for the financial support for this research project, for the support received for the project “ID: 100420500”.
ETHICS STATEMENT
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript and/or the Supplementary Files.
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