ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
, Zahoor Mohi ud din2, Farkhanda N. Syed2, Mir Haris2, Mudasar Nabi3
, Ambreena Farooq3, Bilal Ahmad Tantry4 , Abdul Hafeez Muhammed4 and Shaik Rahiman5Extended Spectrum beta lactamase producing pathogens are reported in many clinical samples and pose an emerging threat health. To find the prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobactriacea pathogens isolated from inpatients (Medical and Surgical Wards; Hospital stay > 72 h) admitted to Prince, Mutib, Hospital Sakaka, Jouf. A total of 1043 Enterobactriacea were isolated during April 2015 to October 2016 study period. Vitek -2 compact (biomeriux Leon, France) was used for identification and antimicrobial sensitivity (AST) test. A Total of 115/1043 (11.02%) ESBL producing pathogens were isolated from urine 15.07% (n=242), sputum 13.6 % (n=220), wound 10.8% (n=287) and blood 5.4 % (n=294). Klebsiella pneumonia is most dominant followed by E coli and Proteus miribilis. Cephamycins and carbapenems were found most effective (100% sensitivity) against the pathogens isolated. The aminoglycosides, beta lactams and Fluroquinolnes class of antibiotics, microorganisms have gained the resistance of 20%, 22.7%, 40-70% respectively. The infection control measures should be taken seriously and making of effective use of antibiotics is need of hour.
ESBL, Gram negative bacteria, Antimicrobial sensitivity test, Antibiotics
The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a matter of concern worldwide1. Genes encoding beta-lactamase and modification of enzymes in bacteria results in drug resistance2.The Enterobacteriaceae carry the genes for resistance to βlactams and the β-lactamase family is divided into four groups: Extended Spectrum βLacatamases (ESBLs), Amp- C type, carbapenmases and Penicillinases. The antimicrobial resistance results in treatment failure, economic loss and a source of resistant genes in bacteria that leads to risk of human health. Among the members of Enterobacteriaceae family (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter. Baumannii and Escherichia coli) are known to produce extended-spectrum β-lacatamse (ESBL) and are a serious threat to human health3. E. coli the most important pathogen in community acquired infections and have been studied in detail4. ESBL producing pathogens delays suitable antibiotic therapy which in turn leads to longer hospital stay and more economic burden5. The resistance to antibiotics causes higher mortality rates in patients. In Asia 70% of ESBL infections are due to nosocomial acquired. ESBL producing microorganisms are one of the cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)6. In Europe year, 1980 first case of ESBL was reported and subsequently in USA. Emegence of ESBL present a significant threat to human health, particulary klebsiella and E. coli pathogens for which only few antibiotics are available7. Countries with low and moderate income are facing problems to overcome or in managing antimicrobial resistance due to lack of surveillance and non-availability of high class microbiology laboratories for diagnosis of pathogens and their antibiograms8. The pathogenic microbes belongs to gram positive9 and gram negative10 have been isolated from wound, blood, sputum and urine samples were reported as antibiotic resistant in nature11. The distribution of antimicrobial resistant pathogens changes with time and among the hospitals located in different regions12. The prevalence of ESBLs in the middle east and Gulf Cooperation countries (GCC)have been reported13. The plasmid encoded genes are largely responsible for the ESBL and they belong to class A and are divided into three genotypes CTX-M, SHV and TEM14. This is the first study conducted in Jouf region to explore the prevalence of ESBL producing pathogens among the patients attending the Prince, Mutib, Hospital Sakaka, Jouf, Saudi Arabia.
A retrospective study, was conducted during April, 2015 to October 2016 at secondary care 150 bed hospital in rural area of Northern Provence of Saudi Arabia, covering the population of 2.7 million approximately. The total number of 1043 samples ( blood, wound, Urine and Sputum) were obtained from patients ( Medical and ICUs Wards) attending to the Prince, Muteb, Hospital Sakaka, Jouf, Saudi Arabia..
Bacterial isolation and identification
Samples ( blood, wound, sputum and urine) were streaked on blood agar , Mac Conkey agar , and chocolate agar and were incubated in aerobic condition at 35°C growth was observed after 24 hrs and isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics using standard procedures of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI)15.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
The automated Vitek 2 Compac system was used to perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests as per clinical laboratory standards institute (CSLI) protocols15. The ESBL isolates were confirmed by the method described by bilal et al., 201829 and the following American type culture collection strains Klebseilla pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Proteus mirabilis ATCC BAA-856 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were used as controls.
The vitek 2 antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) card is composed of Amikacin (30μg) Gentamicin (10 μg), Ertapenem (10 μg), Imipenem (10 μg), Meropenem (10 μg), Cephalothin (30 μg), Cefuroxime (30 μg), Cefoxitin (30 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Ceftriaxone (30 μg), Cefepime (30 μg), Aztreonam (30 μg), Ampicillin (10 μg), Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (20+10 μg), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (100/10 μg), Colistin (10 μg), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (1.25+23.75 μg) Nitrofurantoin (300 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Levofloxacin (5 μg), Tigecycline(15 μg).
Statistical analysis
The study data was analyzed with the aid of SPSS V.17 (statistical package for the social sciences) software.
Demographic and Distribution of Isolates
The 1.5 year retrospective study revealed that 1043 patients were admitted in Prince Muteb hospital during April 2015- October 2016.The microorganisms were isolated from various clinical samples urine 15.07% (n=242), sputum 13.6 % (n=220), wound 10.8% (n=287)and blood 5.4% (n=294)(Fig. 1 ). A total of 115/1043 (11.02%) pathogens were isolated that are ESBL producing Enterobacteriacea and were obtained from 73 (63.4%) males and 42 (36.5%)females and amongst the most predominant ESBL pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae 36.5% (n=42) followed by E. coli 34.7 % (n=40) and Proteus 28.6% (n=33). It is worth to mention that 73 patients (63.4%) were non Saudis and 94 (81.7%) were remained in hospital for more than 3 days. The demographic profile of population is Shown in Table 1.
Table (1):
The prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobactericea in the study subjects.
| Gender | Total No (%) | Nationality | Hospital stay | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi | Non- Saudi | < 3 days | > 3 days | ||
| Male | 73(63.4) | 26 | 47 | 09 | 64 |
| Female | 42(36.5) | 16 | 26 | 12 | 30 |
| Total | 115 | 42 (36.5%) | 73(63.4%) | 21(18.2%) | 94(81.7%) |
Fig. 1. Percentage of ESBL producing Enterobactericea.
Antimicrobial resistance of ESBL producing Enterobacteriacea
A high rate of resistance was observed in Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from blood, urine, wound and pus against the antimicrobials. Among the aminoglycosides the resistance rate was found as gentamycin (60-89%) and Amakacin (20-28%). Cephaloprorins: ceftazidime (100%), cefotaxime (100%), cefepime (98%) and Fluroquinolones: levofloxacin (40-67.7%), ciprofloxacin (40-83%) and Sulpha drug: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50%)(Fig. 2) Proteus mirabilis showed the resistance pattern towards aminoglycosides as gentamycin (79-89%) and amakacin (20-43%), Cephaloprorins: ceftazidime (100%), cefotaxime (100%), cefepime (98%) and Fluroquinolones: levofloxacin (67.7-71%), ciprofloxacin (40-83%) and Sulpha drug: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100%) and for tigecycline resistance (67-71%)(Fig. 3). The ESBl producing E Coli the rate of resistance pattern towards antibiotics was lower as compared to Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis. The aminoglycosides were found resistant (18-27% ). Cephaloprorins: ceftazidime (100%), cefotaxime (100%), cefepime (68%) and Fluroquinolones: levofloxacin (18%), ciprofloxacin (60%) and Sulpha drug: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (22.7%) and for tigecycline resistance (13.6%).(Fig. 4).
Fig. 2. Antibiotic resistance pattern of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
Fig. 3. Antibiotic resistance pattern of ESBL producing E.Coli
Fig. 4. Antibiotic resistance pattern of ESBL producing proteus mirabilis
The cephamycins (Cefoxitin), Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Piperacillin-Tazobactam and carbapenems (Meropenem, Ertapenem and imepenem) were effectively sensitive against all the isolated ESBL producers. ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumonia strains from sputum showed an intermediate susesptebility of 11% towards Cefoxitin. We did not find any strain resistant to meropenem and Eratapenem. However, Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from blood samples showed 20 % resistance to imepenem.
In this study 115 ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae were found among inpatients (Medical and ICUs wards) in Prince Muteb Hospital, Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Our results revealed ESBL producing E. coli and klebseilla pneumoniae is significantly higher than previous studies reported form Abha, Riayadh, Dammam and Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia16-18. The ESBL producing proteus mirabilisin our study subjects were found 36.8% which is higher as compared to other studies18.
In Europe, Turkey, Russia and Poland the prevalence of ESBLs was found 2-47%19, from the southern America (Brazil) 60%20,21. In Asia, ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli) 5% in Japan, 57% in China and Thailand were reported. In Pakisthan the prevelance was reported as highest (73%)22. In Middle East, Kuwait, and UAE the ESBLs were reported 25% and 36% respectively23,24. In our study 115/1043were ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae (K. pneumoniae, E. coli and P.mirabilis). To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in the northern region of Saudi Arabia to explore the ESBLs prevalence and its susceptibility pattern. The frequency of ESBLs in E. coli K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilisis 36.5%, 34.7% and 28.6% respectively. From Al Khobar, the E. coli and K. pneumoniae was reported 10.3% and 12.3%25. This variation may be due to differences in the number of isolates (either Tertiary care hospital or community based).
Further, in our study we did not find any strains resistance to cephamycins and carbapenems. The efficiency of these drug classes has been attributed to the stability of beta lactamases. Hence, cephamycins and carbapenems are the choice of drugs for treating the patients with infections caused by ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. The ESBL producing P. mirabilis, E. coli and K. pneumoniae, isolates in our study are resistance to all the generations (I- IV) of cephalosporins in hospitalized patients. Whereas, Menyfah et al.,(2018) reported that, ampicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole showed highest resistance to E. coli isolates in Riyadh Saudi Arabia25.
Aminoglycosides, Nitrofurantoin and sulpha drugs were 70% resistance to clinical isolates in our study. Whereas, in Norway, E. coli and K. pneumoniae showed high resistance to aminoglycoside due to the presence of modified enzymes AAC(6)-1b26. Higher rate of resistance against ceprofloxin, levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cepfepem, Tigylcyline, Azetranoam and Ampicillin in community is probably due to over use, misuse or self-medications.
Previous studies has shown that, the antibiotic resistance against the Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin for ESBL producing pathogens17,27,28. However, our study also revealed that, the antibiotic resistance against Levofloxacin, Cefepime and Aztreonam. This ineffectivity against the Gram negative bacteria occur due to the mutations and spread of ESBLs with in the Enterobacteriaceae family and extensive use of these antibiotics for prophylaxis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Shameem Khan for providing assistance on methods (detection of ESBL isolates). We would like to thank the microbiology department of Muteb Hospital for providing access to data files of the test reports.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
BA, SR & MAH designed the restrospective study plan. JI, Z, FNS collected the data of the study and later double checked it. M and A analyzed the data, drafted the manuscript, compiled information from the literature, and designed the Figures and tables. M, A, BA, SR & MAH wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
FUNDING
None.
ETHICS STATEMENT
Not applicable.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.
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