Research Article | Open Access
Sidhartha Kumar Dash1,2, Jitendra Kumar Pandey1, Mrutyunjay Jena2
and Basanti Biswal1
1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyotivihar – 768 019, Odisha, India.
2Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar – 760 007, Odisha, India.
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(4):2467-2476 | Article Number: 6573
https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.4.24 | © The Author(s). 2020
Received: 05/08/2020 | Accepted: 02/12/2020 | Published: 16/12/2020
Abstract

Cyanobacteria, the major photosynthetic organisms, cover a large surface area of this planet. These organisms, being photosynthetic, have the capacity for sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a significant greenhouse gas that causes global warming. In this work, we have collected, developed pure culture, and identified 25 cyanobacterial species from semi arid agricultural rice fields of western Odisha with the high-temperature environmental setting. The purpose was to screen the cyanobacteria that can survive and grow at high temperatures with high photosynthetic efficiency. Cyanobacteria belong to genera Nostoc, Anabaena, Calothrix, and Hapalosiphon are observed to survive at 45°C. Among the cyanobacterial species, Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 was found to exhibit higher growth, protein content, photosynthetic pigments, and photosynthetic O2 evolution at 45°C in comparison to other cyanobacterial isolates. Further, this cyanobacterium was grown at 50°C to analyze the cellular viability, and only up to ninth day incubated culture could recover from high-temperature stress after transferring to 25°C. Even though this indigenous cyanobacterial species failed to survive at 50°C in the laboratory conditions beyond a time limit, but this could be biotechnologically manipulated for effective carbon dioxide sequestration contributing to minimization of global warming.

Keywords

Cyanobacteria, Anabaena, stress, photosynthesis

Introduction

Cyanobacteria, the most diversified microorganisms, inhabit terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. They are widely distributed in various environments, ranging from hot springs, volcanic islands1, hot deserts2, sandy soils3, high-altitude rivers, lakes, and seas4-6 to fresh-water ecosystems7. Cyanobacteria experience different levels and types of stress in their natural habitats. Therefore, necessary to study the adaptive and tolerance mechanisms they develop in response to changing stress conditions8,9. These microorganisms can acclimatize their growth to various environmental pressures with specific changes in their morphology, metabolism, and genetic makeup10-13. Global warming and the current environmental scenario increase the importance of temperature as one of the major stress factors that could be examined to understand the survival strategy of these microorganisms.

The response and acclimation towards heat stress are species-dependent. Cyanobacteria may experience short- and long-term stress periods, and they accordingly respond to the pressure by modifying their cellular metabolic strategies. Short-term strategies include alteration of the photosynthetic light-harvesting complex14,15, cytoplasmic and thylakoid membrane mobility16,17 and reversible modification of enzymes. In contrast, long-term strategies may reveal gene expression patterns, cell metabolism, and structural modification18-20. Very little is known about the distribution, diversity, and versatility of cyanobacteria in the dry sub-humid region of India. The Growth, resistance to high temperature, and survival strategy of specific cyanobacterial species are not widely known. Most of the earlier reports have focused on the physiological and molecular aspects of heat stress, specifically in thermophilic cyanobacteria, with a short duration of the stress period. Among cyanobacterial species, heterocytous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, such as Aulosira, Cylindrospermum, Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, and Calothrix, are prolific under waterlogging conditions in rice fields21. A total 58 cyanobacterial species belonging to 20 genera from which 19 isolates were of heterocytous form are reported in the rice fields of Odisha, India22. In the present work, we have examined the distribution and thermo-tolerance of mesophilic indigenous cyanobacteria found in the paddy fields of Western Odisha. We aimed to explore the extent to which these indigenous cyanobacteria can survive under severe heat stress and the recovery potential of the heat stressed microorganisms upon their transfer to favorable temperatures in the laboratory.

Materials and Methods

Experimental design
The heterocystous cyanobacterial species were isolated from the rice fields of Western Odisha. Only filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial cultures were screened and maintained in a combined nitrogen-free BG11 medium, and the experiments were performed by using the batch culturing method. The exponentially growing (7–10 days) cyanobacterial cultures were harvested, and the initial cell mass was maintained at 0.04 O.D. for the experiment. The samples were aliquoted with freshly prepared nitrogen-free BG11 medium and incubated under continuous cool white-light illumination with an irradiance of 42 µmol m-2 s-1. A total incubation period of 15 days was set for each cyanobacterial strain at defined temperatures of 25°C, 35°C, 40°C, and 45°C. On every third day, the respective cyanobacterium culture flask was taken out from the BOD incubator for further biochemical analysis. Each of the batch cultures was pre-acclimatized at lesser than 5°C for ten days before placing in respective heat stress conditions. Cellular recovery was observed after a fixed mass of four selected cyanobacterial cultures was incubated at 50°C for 15 days. Cultures were harvested every third day from the 50°C grown samples and incubated at 25°C. These retrieved samples were regrown for further biochemical analysis. Every third day, each culture flask was retrieved and placed under standard growth conditions to observe the periodic recovery. All the above-mentioned experiments were conducted in triplicate.

Measurement of growth
The growth of cyanobacterial isolates was monitored using a light-scattering technique by recording the absorbance at 760 nm by a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Cary 50 Bio, Varian, Australia). The samples were thoroughly homogenized and appropriately shaken before recording.

Measurement of chlorophyll-a and carotenoids
A fixed volume of culture was centrifuged, and the pellet was suspended in chilled aqueous acetone (80%), as described by Myers and Kartz23. The suspension was incubated overnight at 4°C in dark conditions and centrifuged at 5000 RCF for 10 min to obtain a clear supernatant. The supernatant was used to estimate chlorophyll-a (663 nm.) and carotenoids (460 nm.) contents with extinction coefficients of 80.04 and 200, respectively.

Extraction and estimation of phycobiliproteins
Cyanobacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation (3000 RCF for 15 min). The biomass was homogenized with phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.0) and subjected to repeated freezing (− 20°C) and thawing at room temperature (25°C) in dark conditions. The mixture was subsequently centrifuged (10000 RCF for 20 min at 4°C) to separate the phycobilins in the supernatant. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured using the UV-visible spectrophotometer at wavelengths 615, 652, and 562 nm. Contents of Phycocyanin (PC), Allophycocyanin (APC), and Phycoerythrin (PE) were calculated using the following equations24:

  • PC (mg mL-1) =[A615 – 0.474 (A652)] /5.34
  • APC (mg mL-1) = [A652 – 0.208 (A620)] /5.09
  • PE (mg mL-1) = [A562 – 2.41(PC) – 0.849 (APC)]/9.62

Estimation of protein
Total protein was quantified from the samples according to the method of Lowry et al.25. The residue left after the extraction of chlorophyll-a and carotenoid was precipitated with 5 ml of 6% trichloroacetic acid. The pellet was dissolved in protein reagent and kept for incubation at room temperature for 30 min. Then the solution was heated at 100°C for 5 min, followed by centrifugation at 6000 RCF for 10 min to obtain a clear supernatant. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added to the supernatant rapidly, shaken, and kept for 30 min at room temperature. Absorbance was recorded at 750 nm against an appropriate reference. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was taken as a standard.

Measurement of oxygen evolution
Oxygen evolution was measured in a DW2/2 liquid-phase electrode chamber (Chlorolab 2, Hansatech, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, UK) according to the method of Jiang and Qiu26. Oxygen measurement was controlled by an OXYL1 Oxylab Control Unit. Liquid samples were used under automated illumination with red (660 nm) LED light. A light intensity of 300 µmol m-2 s-1 was used for a higher rate of oxygen evolution. One milliliter of the homogenized cyanobacterial sample was taken in the electrode chamber. Changes in oxygen content of the sample were determined by the integral oxygen electrode mounted at the base of the chamber (Hansatech). The rate of oxygen evolution was measured in µmol O2 min-1.

Data analysis
Comparisons between variables were made by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple ranges and homogeneity test. Calculation and statistical analysis were performed using MS Excel 2007 and SPSS 16.0 for Windows. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

Screening of cyanobacterial strains for their survivability under high-temperature stress (45°C)
Twenty-five axenic cyanobacterial isolates belonging to four genera, namely Anabaena, Nostoc, Calothrix, and Hapalosiphon, predominantly found in paddy fields, were subjected to high-temperature treatment (45°C) for 15 days (Table 1) to observe their visible survivability and it was noted that 12 different isolates could tolerate the heat. Of these 12 isolates, four isolates, namely Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014, Nostoc oryzae 19-SKD-2014, Nostoc sp. 25-SKD-2014, and Nostoc sp. 26-SKD-2014 were selected for further tests. These cyanobacteria were found to have maximum cell density under standard culture conditions, i.e., at 25°C. Further, Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 was selected based on a higher growth rate at 45°C and photosynthetic activity was analyzed under differential temperature conditions.

Table (1):
List of cyanobacteria isolated from paddy fields of Western Odisha and their survivability under high temperature stress (45°C). The isolated cyanobacterial 16S rRNA genes are submitted under the given accession number. Each of the isolates were treated for their survivability under high temperature (45°C) for a duration of 15 days.

Accession No.
Strains isolated
Survived at 45 °C
LC011912
Nostoc carneum isolate: 1
LC011913
Nostoc ellipsosporum isolate: 3
+
LC011914
Calothrix javanica  isolate: 4
+
LC011915
Calothrix marchica  isolate: 5
+
LC011969
Nostoc punctiforme isolate: 6-SKD-2014
LC011970
Hapalosiphon welwitschii 7-SKD-2014
+
LC011971
Calothrix sp. 8-SKD-2014
LC011972
Calothrix sp. 9-SKD-2014
LC011973
Anabaena variabilis  isolate:10-SKD-2014
+
LC011978
Nostoc parmelioides 11-SKD-2014
LC011985
Calothrix sp. 13-SKD-2014
LC011979
Nostoc sp. 14-SKD-2014
LC011980
Nostoc sp. 16-SKD-2014
LC011974
Anabaena iyengarii isolate: 17-SKD-2014
+
LC011975
Anabaena anomala isolate: 18-SKD-2014
+
LC011987
Nostoc oryzae 19-SKD-2014
+
LC011976
Anabaena orientalis isolate: 20-SKD-2014
+
LC011981
Desmonostoc muscorum isolate: 21-SKD-2014
LC011986
Calothrix weberi 22-SKD-2014
LC011977
Anabaena torulosa isolate: 23-SKD-2014
+
LC011982
Nostoc calcicola isolate: 24-SKD-2014
LC011983
Nostoc sp. 25-SKD-2014
+
LC011984
Nostoc sp. 26-SKD-2014
+
LC011988
Nostoc oryzae 28-SKD-2014
LC011989
Nostoc oryzae 29-SKD-2014

Effect of heat stress on growth
Effect of temperature on cell density of the four cyanobacterial isolates were elicided in the present investigation. The line graph indicates a gradual increase in cellular mass when there is an increase in temperature from 25°C to 40°C for all the four species with a decline thereafter at 45°C. All the above isolates achieved maximum growth at an optimum temperature (i.e., 40°C), although the cyanobacterial species A. iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 and Nostoc sp. 26-SKD-2014 exhibited maximum growth at 40°C. The decline in the growth rate of A. iyengarii at 45°C was much less than other cyanobacterial isolates (Fig.1a). Further, this species was selected to analyze the total protein content, photosynthetic pigments content and oxygen evolution efficiency under differential temperature conditions.

Fig. 1.  Changes in the growth with response to heat stress. (a) Growth curve of cyanobacterial isolates on the 15th day culture, (b) Growth of Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 at different temperatures from the 0th to 15th day of culture. Each value represents the mean of three independent estimates± S.D.

In adition, the effect of heat stress on the growth rate of A. iyengarii was measured upto 15th day on every 3rd day of culture. A steady increase in growth was found at all temperatures, but more significant growth was observed at 40°C (Fig. 1b). Though, there was no significant difference in cell density in the culture growth at 25°C and 35°C.

Effect of heat stress on protein and pigment content
The changes in total protein content showed similar patterns of growth with a maximum of 1.7 mg mL-1 of protein at 40°C in the 15th day culture (Fig. 2a). The changes in the pigments content of A. iyengarii in response to different temparure regimes were observed noticeably during the different days of incubation. The chlorophyll-a was found with a gradual rise until day 12 and reaching the stationary phase by day 15 and showed maximum concentrations at 40°C (89.9 µg mL-1) and declined at 45°C (49.14 µg mL-1), shown in the figure (Fig. 2b). The changes in carotenoid content were detected a similar pattern as chlorophyll-a, increasing with the rising of temperature and found highest at 40°C of 19.35 µg mL-1 and declined at 45°C (15.03 µg mL-1) (Fig. 2c). Though there was a very minute difference in chlorophyll-a content between 25°C and 35°C in the 15th-day culture, carotenoids content was found to be higher at 25°C than 35°C.

The effect of temperatures on phybilinprotiens i.e. phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC), and allophycocyanin (APC) also noticed in the present investigation. A steady increase in the levels of phycobiliproteins contents under high temperature was observed until the 12th day; afterward, the rate decreased and steadied up to the 15th day. The individual pigments had a maximum content at 40°C, shown in the Fig. 2 d, e, f of PE, PC, APC respectively.

Fig. 2. Effect of heat stress in the changes in total protein and photosynthetic pigment contents of Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 at different temperatures. (a) protein content, (b) chlorophyll-a, (c) carotenoid, (d)  phycoerythrin, (e) phycocyanin and (f) allophycocyanin. Data are the average of three different experiments ± S.D.

Photosynthetic O2 evolution
The effect of temperature on the net oxygen evolution of A. iyengarii cells is shown in fig. 3. There was a progressive increase in the net O2 evolution under four temperature conditions throughout the incubation periods. The changes in O2 between the temperatures until the 6th day of culture were less, but after that, there was an increase in net O2 evolution till the 12th day of culture followed by a steady-state on the 15th day. The maximum photosynthetic O2 evolution was observed at 40°C, followed by 45°C decreased from 0.289 µmol min-1 mL-1 to 0.186 µmol min-1 mL-1 (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Effects of differential temperature conditions on net oxygen evolution in Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014. The net oxygen evolution is measured at room temperature (at 25 ± 1 °C) with a constant volume of 1 ml of cyanobacterial culture on each day and expressed in µmol min-1 mL-1. The error bars represent ± SD (n = 3).

Table (2):
Recovery potential of the four treated cyanobacterial isolates. The number of days taken by each of the four cyanobacterial isolates to reach a fraction of growth (on the basis of protein and chlorophyll-a content on the 15th day of the 25 °C grown sample) after transferred to 25°C from 50°C heat stress condition.

Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 Nostoc oryzae 19-SKD-2014 Nostoc sp. 25-SKD-2014 Nostoc sp. 26-SKD-2014
Number of days of incubation at 50 °C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
Number of days required for complete recovery of all cultures transferred to 25 °C 15 18 24 * 21 27 36 * 18 21 27 * 18 24 30 *

Comments:
*12th day retrieved isolates grown under 50°C lost the ability to recover

Analysis of cellular regeneration efficiency
A. iyengarii was treated with high temperature at 50°C continuously for 15 days. During these days, their regeneration ability, chlorophyll-a, and total protein contents were studied (Fig 4 a & b, Table 2). The high temperature was found to be harsh and ultimately resulted in a decline in the cellular growth and other biochemical parameters. The culture retrieved from the 3rd day of severe heat stress was found to regain its growth in the next 15 days under incubation at 25°C. Chlorophyll-a and total protein content at 50°C was found to decrease after day three continuously (Fig 3 a & b). Further, the cells obtained from day six and day nine took longer durations to regenerate, i.e., 18 days and 24 days, respectively (Table 2). Heat-stressed cultures longer than nine days were found to be bleached and could not recover further. The maximum chlorophyll-a was found to be 40.58 µg mL-1, 41.25 µg mL-1 and 42.48 µg mL-1 from the 3rd day, 6th day and 9th-day heat-stressed cultures on the 15th, 18th and 24th day, respectively, against the control sample at 25°C, which had 42.22 µg mL-1 of chlorophyll-a (Fig. 4 a). Similarly, the total protein content was found 953 µg mL-1, 952 µg mL-1 and 962 µg mL-1 against the control of 960.6 µg mL-1 (Fig. 4b).

Fig. 4. Regeneration ability of heat-exposed cells/filaments of Anabaena iyengarii 17-SKD-2014 at 50°C from the 3rd to 15th days. (a) The regeneration potential of chlorophyll-a content, (b) total protein present in the sample for the respective days. Cyanobacterial isolates grown at 25 °C and 50 °C were both considered control groups. The line graph shows only three treated groups collected from the 3rd, 6th and 9th day heat-stressed cultures, and because the 12th day samples were totally bleached, it has not been plotted here. All the values are the representation of three independent experiments ± S.D.

DISCUSSION

In Western Odisha, the summer temperature touches 45–47°C frequently, and some of the soil-N2-fixing cyanobacteria present in paddy fields might have escaped the heat stress. An earlier report revealed that cyanobacteria can survive in soil temperatures around 50°C for a long duration27. In the present study, only 12 cyanobacterial species isolated from paddy field soils of Western Odisha could survive under high temperature (45°C) continuously for 15 days. These cyanobacterial species belong to four different genera, namely Anabaena, Nostoc, Calothrix, and Hapalosiphon, which signifies that heat tolerance is highly species-specific and is not consigned to any single genus. The possible reason for the other isolates not being able to survive at 45°C may be because of their susceptibility to continuous wet heat conditions for a long duration. It was earlier reported that Scytonema millei, on exposure to different temperatures, was more sensitive to wet heat than dry heat state28. The four selected isolates, of which three species belong to the Nostoc genus and the other one to the Anabaena genus, when treated with different temperatures show maximum growth at 40°C. Cyanobacteria are phototrophic and photosynthetic bacteria that significantly modulate their growth in natural habitats. A. iyengarii has been used in the present study to examine further its photosynthetic response to different temperatures under constant illumination in the laboratory. It is important to note that the contents of photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll, phycobiliproteins and oxygen evolution show a distinct lag phase for the first six days of the incubation of the cyanobacteria with their subsequent slow and gradual rise up to 15 days of the incubation period. On the other hand, the total protein and total carotenoids content exhibits a slow climb from the beginning without any lag. Presently, it is difficult to explain the lag in photosynthetic pigments and oxygen evolution. The slowdown in oxygen evolution may be correlated with the lack of photosynthetic pigments29. On the other hand, an increase in the content of proteins and carotenoids without lag phase may indicate that their contents may be non-specific to photosynthetic activity.

The appearance of carotenoids from the beginning of the cyanobacterial growth may help the organism to counter the oxidative cellular environment before the appearance of the photosynthetic capacity30. The lack of the appearance of photosynthetic capacity at the initial phase of cyanobacterial growth appears to be independent of temperature because a change in the temperature of the culture did not have any effect on the lag characteristics.

Although cyanobacteria are known to survive and grow at a high-temperature range in different natural habitats, the survival, and sustenance of four species of cyanobacteria grown in laboratory conditions at 50°C are exhibited only for a limited period. Cyanobacteria have grown at the incubation temperature of 50°C sustain the viability for recovery on transferring to 25°C in the laboratory only for a short period. The viability, survival, and recovery of cyanobacteria are measured using the protein content of the sample. It is important to note that the longer the incubation period at 50°C, the relatively larger the time taken by cyanobacteria for recovery31. Retention of recovery potential is species-specific. The retention of viability at the high temperature and the total protein content and photosynthetic pigment recovery of A. iyengarii grown on transfer to 25°C in the laboratory. The data indicate that viability is lost if the cyanobacterium is cultured in the laboratory at high temperatures for a prolonged period. Although cyanobacteria can grow at high temperatures in natural environments, the less survival ability of the organism at 50°C in the laboratory beyond a time limit is not clearly understood. These organisms are known to develop adaptive survival mechanisms to environmental stress in field conditions. The cyanobacterial species tested possibly failed to develop effective mechanisms for adaptation to high-temperature stress monitored in laboratory conditions32.

Therefore, from the presnt findings, it may be inferred that mass culturing of A. iyengarii like indigenous cyanobacterial species, which can overcome high-temperature stress, act like novel microorganisms for resolving global warming issues and mitigating environmental pollution.

Declarations

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Professor Uday Chand Biswal and Dr. Ritendra Mishra for critical reading and editing the manuscript. We would like to thank Berhampur University and Sambalpur University for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

FUNDING
This work was supported by the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, DRDO, Govt. of India (Grant/Sanction letter no. 118/APE/DIHAR)

ETHICS STATEMENT
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.

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