ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Comparison of Colony Morphology, Sporophore Characters and Yield Performance of Wild and Cultivated Milky Mushroom Isolates
Priyadharshini Bhupathi and Krishnamoorthy Akkana Subbaiah
Mushroom Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 2019, 13 (4): 2405-2419 | Article Number: 5686
https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.57 | © The Author(s). 2019
Received: 29/06/2019 | Accepted: 18/11/2019 | Published: 26/12/2019
Abstract

The present investigation was carried out to identify morphology and yield performance of milky mushroom isolates for both the wild and cultivars. In this study, 17 wild isolates (CBE-TNAU-1513 to 1526, CBE- TNAU-1603, 1604 and CBE-TNAU-1701), seven cultivated strains (CI-13-02, 04, 06 and CI-14-02, 03, 04 and CI-14-06) and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University APK2 (C. indica) variety were compared. Colony characters of all the 25 isolates of milky mushroom grown on PDA medium were recorded. Among the isolates, CBE- TNAU-1523, CBE-TNAU-1603 and APK2 were found to be fast growing covering the maximum radial growth of 90 mm in Petri dish within 7 days. In order to find out the best performing wild isolate, the observations have been recorded with morphometric characters viz., days for spawn run (DFSR), days for pin head formation (DFPF), pileus and stipe measurements including the pileus: stipe ratio for all the strains were recorded. The complete spawn run was faster in APK2 (10.3 d). However, the mycelial impregnation in the casing soil was comparatively quick with the isolate CBE-TNAU-1515, which also reflected in early pinning with this isolate (8.4d). The strains viz., CBE-TNAU-1517, 1521, 1522, 1523 and APK2 possessed milky white, robust and companulate sporodomes having thick cylindrical stipe, which was found to be moderately bulged at the base. When selected based on yield attributes, significantly increased yield was obtained with the strain CBE-TNAU-1523 (972 g per bed with 194.5 per cent bio-efficiency).

Keywords

Colony morphology; wild isolate; milky mushroom; yield attributes; pileus: stipe ratio.

Introduction

Edible mushroom species have been found in association with 13,000-year-old archaeological sites in Chile. The magnitude of fungal diversity was estimated to be at least 1.5 million species of which, 140,000 species produce fruiting bodies of sufficient size and suitable structure to be considered as macro fungi (Chang and Miles 1992). The man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BC in Europe was found with two types of wild edible mushrooms viz., Boletus edulis and Tricholoma sp. The first reliable evidence of mushroom consumption dates to several hundred years BC in China (Boa, 2004), they have found not only for nutrition and taste but also for their healing properties

Calocybe indica (P&C), commonly known as milky mushroom, introduced from India is highly suitable for cultivation in the warm humid tropical regions (Purkayastha and Chandra, 1976; Thakur and Singh, 2014). Sustainable yield, robust nature, alluring white colour, long shelf-life and potential market expansion of milky mushroom have attracted considerable attention by growers and consumers in India (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1998; Chakraborty and Sikdar, 2010, Krishnamoorthy and Balan, 2015). The mushroom is exceedingly rich in protein, lipids, fibre, minerals, carbohydrates and contains essential amino acids (Mallavadhani et al., 2006 and Alam et al., 2008). Milky mushroom is also an admirable source of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine and ascorbic acid. It grows well at a temperature range of 25-35°C with relative humidity more than 85 per cent (Krishnamoorthy, 1995; Pani, 2012). Therefore, it can be cultivated throughout the year in the tropical plains of India. Total commercial production techniques and the first milky mushroom variety Calocybe indica var. APK2 was introduced for the first time in the world by Krishnamoorthy et al. (1998).

Some of the tropical mushroom species belonging to the proposed new genus, have had a complex and confusing identification between the species, owing to the presence of same morphological characters (Pegler et al., 1998). Calocybe indica has been placed under Calocybe – Sect. I. Calocybe (Guttatae) (Fr.) Sing. and belongs to the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales (Singer, 1961). The hymenophoral trama, which is regular, but for the slight divergence below the hymenia. The pileopellis is filamentous and the basidia are carminophillic. Spores are thin walled, hyaline, which lack highly differentiated cystidia, although several cylindrical units with granular contents and clamp connections are present. This species is very close to C. gambosa (Fr.) Sing. differing in the slightly larger and broadly ellipsoid basidiophore. C. eborina reported by Pegler (1983) is also a pure white species whereas, C. cyanocephala (Pat.) Pegler and C. cyanea Singer ex Redhead & Singer contain violet or yellow pigments in the pileus, stipe and lamellae. Using DNA sequences, C. cyanea has been closely allied to C. carnea. C. cyanea appears to be more closely related to the temperate species, C. onychina (Fr.) Donk, typically found in coniferons forests in Europe and North America. Even though they are clearly different species, these two taxa share several similarities of macroscopic and microscopic features.

Calocybe bipigmentata (Singer) has dark reddish brown pileus; C. alneti (Singer) has convex-depressed pileus with a pale greyish brown disc and the stipe appears fuscous yellow;        C. coniceps (Singer) has pale cream pileus with a greyish brown disc; C. atropapillata (Singer) has bluish grey pileus; C. cyanocephala (Pat.) Pegler has lamellae with violaceous or lilac hues (Singer, 1948). Appearance of C. cyanea from a xerophytic habitat in Mexico indicates the wide adaptability of the genus. Kost (1984) identified that the genus Tricholoma colossum (Fr.) Quיl. forms large basidiomata, but differs from Tricholoma staude (Fr.) and its hemiangiocarpic development resulting in an annulate stipe, together with differences in the subhymenial layer, basidia and by the presence of true cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia. Furthermore, it lacks in clamp connections.

Inyod et al. (2017) indicated that differentiation of morphological characteristics of five isolates of Macrocybe crassa had been very difficult (DOA, DOA1, 4, 7 and 10) with that of M. gigantea or Tricholoma giganteum. However, they can be partially differentiated by the shape of stipes, which are cylindrical and swollen at the base. Presence of clavate basidia and basidiomata are almost similar in M. crassa (Berk.) Pegler & Lodge or T. crassum (Berk.), which completely differed from M. gigantean (Massee). On the other hand, molecular analyses of all the five isolates revealed 57-99 percent similarity with T. giganteum, may be due to the limited ITS rDNA sequences of M. crassa available in the biological sequence data bases.

Macrocybe has been treated in Tricholoma until Pegler et al. (1998), who segregated Macrocybe from Tricholoma and ranked it to a genus status using morphological and molecular characteristics. Species of Macrocybe are saprophytic, large with clamped hyphae, while those of Tricholoma possess clampless hyphae and are obligatory ectomycorrhizal. Molecular analysis based on the larger sub-unit of rDNA could separate Macrocybe from Tricholoma which shows a close relationship with C. indica and C. gambosa (Pegler et al., 1998; Razaq et al., 2016). In this study, the objective was framed to identify the morphology and yield performance of milky mushroom isolates for both the wild and cultivars.

Materials and Methods

Collection of cultures
The wild strains of milky mushroom viz., CBE-TNAU-1513 to 1525, 1603, 1604 and 1701were collected from different habitats at various geographical locations in Tamil Nadu during 2014-2017. The collected isolates were pure cultured and the passport data for individual isolate was prepared based on their habit, habitat and morphological features. Along with these strains, the cultivated milky mushroom Calocybe indica var. APK2 (released from TNAU) and 8 different cultures obtained through AICRP on mushroom from the ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, Himachal Pradesh were used in the experiments conducted as per objectives.

In vitro testing of growth
In vitro studies were carried out to study the growth characters of the strains. To 100 mL of sterilized PDA medium, 0.3 mL of 500 ppm streptomycin sulphate was added and thoroughly mixed. The medium was cooled to 45°C and poured into sterile Petri plates. After solidification 9 mm mycelial discs taken from an actively growing 7 d old culture were aseptically placed at the centre of the Petri dishes. The dishes were incubated at 30 ±2°C. The growth parameters like colony diameter, colony colour and morphology were recorded at regular intervals. The changes observed in the Petri dishes were recorded and photographed.

Cultural and agronomic traits
The cultures of 25 isolates including C. indica var. APK2 were inoculated on sorghum spawn. After complete colonization, they were used for bed preparation. In order to verify the yield and yield attributing characters of milky mushroom isolates comparison with the ruling var. APK2, poly house trails were conducted at Mushroom Research Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The mycelial cultures of isolates viz., CBE-TNAU-1513, 1517, 1521, 1522, 1523 were inoculated on sorghum grain spawn. After complete colonization, mushroom beds were prepared following “polybag method” described by Baskaran et al. (1978) and Krishnamoorthy (2003). Polythene bags of 60 x 30 cm size and 100 G thickness were used for bed preparation and 500 g of paddy straw on dry weight basis was used. Layer spawning was followed using two per cent spawn rate. The beds were incubated at room temperature (30+ 2°C) for spawn running and cropping. In the cropping rooms 80-90 per cent relative humidity was maintained. After 15 days, when the beds were fully colonized, they were cut into two equal halves and steamed casing soil (black loam soil, pH 8.3) was applied uniformly, up to 2cm over the spawn run beds. The moisture level at the casing surface was maintained by regular water spray. The bags were further incubated in a partially sunken poly house roofed with blue coloured high density polythene sheet. The observations on days for spawn run (DFSR), days for pinhead formation (DFPF), number of buttons formed per bed (NBF), number of buttons harvested per bed (NBH) after 30, 37 and 45 d and morphological characters like stipe length and breadth; pileus diameter and thickness of test strains were recorded and compared with the ruling variety APK2. Total yield per 180 g of paddy straw substrate, average weight of the individual sporophore and bio-efficiency were also recorded as given below:

Microscopic observations of morphometric characters
Microscopic observations on morphometric characters for selected milky mushroom isolates viz., CBE-TNAU-1519, 1523, 1701 were made and compared with the existing var. APK2 by placing a drop of the KOH or Congo red staining solution (one g in 100mL distilled water) directly, on the tissue surface of gills and hymenial layer. Observation on immediate and subsequent (3-5 min.) colour changes (Largent et al., 1977) were recorded. The observation on the diameter of hyphae, basidiophore, basidiospore and cystidia were also made with the help of image analyzer (N-400T, Optika, Italy).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In vitro cultural and morphological characters
Colony characters of all the 25 isolates of milky mushroom grown on PDA medium were recorded. Among the isolates, CBE- TNAU-1523, APK2 and 1603 were found to be fast growing covering the maximum radial growth of 90 mm in Petri dish within 7 days (Figure 1). However, the linear growth of the isolates CI-13-02, CI-14-06, CBE-TNAU-1513, 1514, 1517 and 1519 were also found to be statistically on par covering approximately 86 mm of growth during the same period of observation. The isolate CI-14-04 was found to be slow growing, which covered only 63.1 mm over a period of 7d (Table 1). White thick cottony growth with more or less smooth margin was characteristically observed with respect to the isolates APK2, CI-13-02, C1-13-04, CI-14-06, CBE-TNAU-1514, 1515 and 1517. Thick cottony slightly yellowish colony growth was prominent in cases of CBE-TNAU-1522 and 1524. Silk thread like meandering mycelium was found to be quickly aggregated either at the centre or in the margin of Petri dishes during the mycelial morphogenesis of CI-14-04, CBE-TNAU-1519, 1521 and 1523. Clamp connections in the mycelium were also frequently observed in the isolates viz., APK2, CBE-TNAU-1513, 1517, 1521, 1522 and 1523; whereas, in all other isolates clamp connections were observed occasionally. Such kind of varied growth in the culture for Calocybe, Macrocybe and Tricholoma has been indicated by Purkaysatha and Chandra (1974), Kalpana et al. (2005), Thiribhuvanamala (2011), Arun Kumar and Acharya (2014). Pegler (1983) also indicated colony colour variation of Calocybe spp. Kost (1984) indicated that clamp connections were absent in Tricholoma spp. Krishnamoorthy et al. (1998) reported that the time required for maximum mycelial growth of C. indica in culture media like potato dextrose agar or malt extract agar was 8 to10 days. Suman et al. (2018) reported that Macrocybe gigantea and Calocybe indica had produced fluffy and extensive aerial growth, which gave the appearance of cotton wool on PDA and MEA media.

Fig. 1. Cultural characters of milky mushroom isolates on PDA medium. White thick cottony growth with more or less smooth margin was observed in APK2, CI-13-02, C1-13-04, CI-14-06, CBE-TNAU-1514, 1515 and 1517. Thick cottony slightly yellowish colony growth was prominent in cases of CBE-TNAU-1522 and 1524. Silk thread like meandering mycelium was observed with respect to CI-14-04, CBE-TNAU-1519, 1521 and 1523. The isolates viz., CBE- TNAU-1523, CBE-TNAU-1603 and APK2 isolates were covering the maximum radial growth of 90 mm in Petri dish within 7 days.

Table (1):
In-vitro assessment of colony morphology.

Isolates  Radial growth (mm)  DTCP  Colony morphology on PDA
3d 5d 7d
APK2 45.5a 86.0a 90.0a 7.3a Pure white, thick cottony growth,  smooth margin
CI-13-02 32.6f 79.5b 89.3a 8.6a White  thick cottony, aerial, smooth margin
CI-13-04 28.6g 65.1d 85.4b 9.3b Thick cottony with smooth margin
CI-13-06 29.8g 61.3f 84.3b 9.6b Creamy white, cottony aerial growth
CI-14-02 18.6i 61.2e 78.1d 10.6bc White radiating colony with wavy margin
CI-14-03 8.6k 41.6g 67.3e 11.0bc Creamy white turns to dull white
CI-14-04 22.3i 36.1h 63.1f 13.1c Pure white sectoring upward growth
CI-14-06 28.6g 64.2de 86.5ab 9.0b Thick cottony, smooth margins
CBE-TNAU-1513 36.6d 79.1b 89.0a 8.6a Pure white with wavy margins
CBE-TNAU-1514 26.3gh 70.0cd 88.4a 9.6b White, aerial, thick cottony
CBE-TNAU-1515 39.3c 74.3c 84.1b 9.1b Milky white, thick cottony
CBE-TNAU-1516 38.3c 72.1c 85.1b 8.1a Thin cottony with smooth margin
CBE-TNAU-1517 37.6c 74.4c 86.1ab 8.3a Thin cottony, aerial mycelium
CBE-TNAU-1518 35.3e 68.1d 79.4cd 8.0a Creamy white, aerial mycelium
CBE-TNAU-1519 42.6b 78.3b 88.5a 8.6a Slightly yellowish with aggregated mycelium
CBE-TNAU-1520 25.3h 68.5d 83.8b 10.5bc Creamy white, aerial mycelium, radiating growth
CBE-TNAU-1521 33.3ef 67.4d 79.0d 9.0ab White, aerial growth, sparsely aggregated
CBE-TNAU-1522 29.6g 67.2d 79.4cd 9.6ab Thin cottony, aerial mycelium
CBE-TNAU-1523 46.6a 83.1a 90.0a 7.3a Pure white, silk thread like, quickly aggregating
CBE-TNAU-1524 27.3gh 81.2ab 89.5a 8.6a Thick cottony with smooth margin
CBE-TNAU-1525 15.0j 59.0f 83.1b 10.4bc Thick cottony, upwards, smooth margin
CBE-TNAU-1526 14.6j 61.3e 79.6c 9.0b White cottony, thin mycelium
CBE-TNAU-1603 45.2a 82.2ab 90.0a 7.3a Thin cottony growth with smooth margin
CBE-TNAU-1604 28.3g 59.5f 81.2c 10.1b Radiating colony with wavy margin
CBE-TNAU-1701 37.6c 63.2e 82.5c 9.3b Dull white , sparsely aggregated  mycelium
C.D(P=0.05) 1.42 3.10 3.40 1.58

DTCP – Days taken to cover 90 mm Petri dish; DAI-Days after inoculation
Mean of 3 replications,
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 by one way ANOVA.

Screening of isolates based on spawn run and fruiting body morphology
In order to find out the best performing wild isolate with respect to spawn run and fruiting body size, a preliminary trial was conducted using 1800 mL polypropylene bottles. The observations recorded with respect to spawn run and morphometric characters viz., days for spawn run (DFSR), days for pin head formation (DFPF), pileus and stipe measurements including the pileus: stipe ratio for all the strains tested are presented in Tables 3a, b and Figure 2a, b. Observations on DFSR showed that, complete spawn run was faster in APK2 (10.3 d). However, mycelial impregnation in the casing soil was comparatively quick with the isolate CBE-TNAU-1515, which was reflected in early pinning with this isolate (8.4d). The results also showed variations with respect to DFSR (ranged from 10.3 to 16.4) and DFPF (ranged from 8.4 to 12.7) (Table 2a and Figure 2a, b). The strains viz., CBE-TNAU-1517, 1521, 1522, 1523 and APK2 possessed companulate robust sporophores, having cylindrical stipe, moderately bulged at the base. Tin these cases the pileus margin was found to be incurved. The pileus:stipe ratio at harvesting maturity (5d after pinhead formation) was found to be narrow in CI-14-04, CBE-TNAU-1513, CBE-TNAU-1519 (1:1.1), while it was found to be 1:1.4 in the cultivar. APK2 and 1:1.3 in case of CBE-TNAU-1523. In case of all other isolates, much variations existed with respect to pileus: stipe ratio (Table 2a). Although P:S ratio was observed to be narrower in some of the isolates, the pileus showed convex or expanded pileus with flattened margin (Table 2b). In such cases, the pileus thickness was more at the centre, which decreased towards the margin. Compact fruiting bodies with incurved pileus margin were conspicuously noticed in five of the C. indica isolates viz., CBE-TNAU-1517, 1521, 1522, 1523 and APK2. The colour of gills and spore print showed wide variations of white shade including creamy white, dull white and white with yellow tinge. The basidiospores were mostly brown or golden yellow and the diameter of the basidiospores ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 µm (Table 2b and Figure 2a, b). Pandey and Tewari (2003) also made comparison studies on the morphological characters and fruiting body production of Tricholoma giganteum and C. indica and concluded that, both the species had a striking resemblance. The only difference noticed could be a very shallow stipe at the base and solitary appearance in T. giganteum, whereas sporophores of C. indica were growing in clusters with a slightly larger pileus. Contrarily, in the present stud, size wise observation in ascending order indicated Calocybe, Tricholoma and Macrocybe, respectively. Razaq et al. (2016) also indicated that milky mushroom (Macrocybe gigantea) was found to be fairly fleshy with large cap (7-8cm) fibrous stipe. In a similar study Singh et al. (2017) described about the morphological characters of Calocybe sp. They have reported that pileus size was found to be between 4.5 and 6.16 cm in diameter and produced convex to flattened fruiting bodies with appressed scales. Further they have observed that the surface of the stipe found to be dry and attached centrally, cylindrical at the apex with sub- bulbous base.


Fig. 2a, b. Morphological evaluation of milky mushroom isolates.

Table (2a):
Comparison of spawn run, pinhead formation and morphology of fruiting bodies.

Strains DFSR DFPF  Elongation stage (3d) Harvesting stage (5d) Maturation stage (7d))
Pileus Stipe P:S ratio Pileus Stipe P:Sratio Pileus Stipe P:S ratio
Dia. (cm) T (cm) L (cm) B (cm) Dia. (cm) T (cm) L (cm) B (cm) Dia. (cm) T (cm) L (cm) B (cm)
APK2 10.3a 9.5ab 3.0c 1.3b 4.1a 2.3c 1:1.4 4.1a 2.3bc 5.2a 2.7b 1:1.4 5.5a 2.3a 6.8ab 3.4a 1:1.4
CI-13-02 13.1d 10.2b 3.6e 1.1a 5.4cd 3.1ef 1:1.5 4.3b 2.4c 6.3c 3.1c 1:1.5 6.0a 2.4ab 7.5c 4.5bc 1:1.3
CI-13-04 12.1c 11.3bc 3.1c 1.0a 4.0a 2.0a 1:1.3 5.6f 3.1e 6.7d 3.3c 1:1.2 7.5f 3.9d 7.8cd 4.2b 1:1.0
CI-13-06 14.2ef 10.2b 3.5e 1.5bc 4.1a 2.3c 1:1.8 5.7f 3.3f 7.2e 4.3e 1:1.3 7.1ef 3.5c 8.1d 5.1d 1:1.1
CI-14-02 12.3c 9.6ab 3.3d 1.2ab 4.0a 2.0a 1:1.2 4.9d 2.8d 7.3e 4.7f 1:1.5 6.9e 3.0b 8.1d 5.0cd 1:1.1
CI-14-03 14.0e 10.3b 3.0c 1.4b 5.0b 2.5d 1:1.6 5.0d 3.2ef 6.8d 3.8d 1:1.4 7.0e 3.4bc 7.5c 3.9b 1:1.1
CI-14-04 15.3fg 11.5c 4.5i 2.1d 5.6d 2.3c 1:1.0 6.2h 4.3i 6.9de 3.7d 1:1.1 8.0h 4.5ef 8.2d 4.2b 1:1.1
CI-14-06 14.2ef 10.7b 3.2cd 1.7cd 4.3ab 2.1ab 1:1.3 4.7c 2.8d 6.7d 4.3e 1:1.4 7.7fg 3.1b 7.5c 4.7c 1.1:1
CBE-TNAU-1513 15.2f 12.1cd 3.2cd 2.2de 5.2c 2.6de 1:1.6 6.3h 3.7g 5.8b 3.8d 1.1:1 7.9h 3.8d 6.4a 5.2d 1.2:1
CBE-TNAU-1514 13.1d 10.3b 3.1c 1.0a 5.1c 2.5d 1:1.6 5.9fg 2.8d 8.0g 6.3ij 1:1.4 7.5f 3.0b 9.1f 5.1d 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1515 13.2d 8.4a 2.1a 1.3b 4.3a 2.1ab 1:2.0 4.7c 4.2i 7.6ef 5.8hi 1:1.6 6.7de 4.4e 8.2d 5.8e 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1516 14.6f 10.7b 3.9f 1.4b 5.8d 2.6de 1:1.5 4.8cd 2.3b 7.8fg 5.7h 1:1.6 7.5f 2.5ab 8.6e 5.9e 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1517 13.4de 10.6b 3.6e 1.5bc 4.7b 2.4cd 1:1.3 5.3e 3.0e 5.7ab 2.3a 1:1.0 6.3b 3.2b 6.8ab 4.9cd 1:1.0
CBE-TNAU-1518 12.2c 11.1bc 2.4b 1.0a 4.6b 2.3c 1:2.0 6.2h 3.2ef 8.3h 6.8j 1:1.3 7.5f 3.5c 9.3f 5.2d 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1519 14.1e 10.3b 3.6e 2.0d 6.2e 2.6de 1:1.8 5.8f 2.7c 5.3a 5.2g 1:1.1 8.5i 2.9b 7.4bc 5.1d 1.1:1
CBE-TNAU-1520 13.6d 11.5c 4.3gh 1.2ab 5.7d 2.8e 1:1.3 4.9d 2.5c 6.6d 4.7f 1:1.3 6.7de 2.7ab 7.5c 4.7c 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1521 14.1e 10.3b 2.1a 1.3b 4.5ab 2.4cd 1:2.1 4.1a 2.1b 6.8d 4.9fg 1:1.7 6.3b 2.5ab 7.8cd 4.5bc 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1522 13.6de 9.8ab 2.2a 1.6c 5.1c 3.1ef 1:2.3 3.9a 1.7a 6.2c 5.3g 1:1.6 5.7a 2.3a 7.2b 4.5bc 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1523 11.3b 9.7ab 3.2cd 1.4b 4.3ab 2.4cd 1:1.3 4.2ab 1.5a 5.4a 3.9de 1:1.3 5.9a 2.0a 6.6a 5.3de 1:1.3
CBE-TNAU-1524 14.6f 10.3b 3.4de 1.0a 5.9de 3.3f 1:1.7 4.8cd 2.3b 6.7d 4.2e 1:1.4 6.3b 2.5ab 7.1b 5.1c 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1525 14.0e 10.8b 4.2g 2.3e 4.6b 2.3c 1:1.0 5.0d 2.7c 6.8d 4.8f 1:1.4 6.4bc 3.1b 7.6c 5.3de 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1526 15.6g 14.2d 3.1c 1.5bc 5.2c 3.0e 1:1.7 4.6c 2.3b 7.7f 5.5h 1:1.7 6.2b 3.0b 8.5e 5.9e 1:1.4
CBE-TNAU-1603 16.4h 12.7cd 3.3d 1.3b 4.3ab 2.2bc 1:1.3 5.3e 3.4f 7.2e 5.3g 1:1.4 7.1ef 3.5c 8.4de 4.6bc 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1604 14.1e 10.3b 3.4de 1.6c 5.6d 2.3c 1:1.6 5.0d 2.9de 7.3e 6.1i 1:1.5 6.4bc 3.2b 9.4f 4.8c 1:1.5
CBE-TNAU-1701 16.3h 11.3bc 4.1g 1.3b 5.1c 2.0a 1:1.2 6.3h 4.0h 7.9g 5.8hi 1:1.3 7.2ef 4.1de 8.7e 5.1d 1:1.2
CD=(P=0.05) 0.61 1.63 0.12 0.13 0.51 0.08 0.21 0.15 0.27 0.19 0.56 0.38 0.22 0.40

DFSR-Days for spawn run; Dia.-diameter; T-thickness; L-length; B-breadth; P:S-pileus:stipe ratio DFPF-Days for pinhead formation Mean of 5replication Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05

Table (2b):
Comparison of sporophore characters.

Isolates Growth characters    
Pileus Stipe Colour Gills Spore print Basidiospores Basidisporedia (μm)
APK2 Campanulate Robust cylindrical Pure white White White Golden yellow 1.2
CI-13-02 Convex Robust cylindrical White Yellowish white White Brown 1.5
CI-13-04 Flattened Cylindrical Dull white Yellowish white White Brown 2.1
CI-13-06 Flattened Cylindrical Dirty white Yellowish white Creamy white Brown 1.4
CI-14-02 Convex Robust cylindrical Dirty white White Creamy white Brown 1.8
CI-14-03 Convex Robust cylindrical Pure white Yellowish white White Golden yellow 1.0
CI-14-04 Flattened Cylindrical Pure white White White Light yellow 1.2
CI-14-06 Convex Cylindrical Creamy Yellowish white Creamy white Brown 1.6
CBE-TNAU-1513 Flattened Bulged, cylindrical Pure white White White Brown 1.5
CBE-TNAU-1514 Flattened Cylindrical White White Dull white Golden yellow 2.0
CBE-TNAU-1515 Flattened Robust cylindrical Dirty white Brownish white White Golden yellow 1.4
CBE-TNAU-1516 Convex Cylindrical White Yellowish white White yellow 1.8
CBE-TNAU-1517 Campanulate Robust cylindrical White White White Golden yellow 2.3
CBE-TNAU-1518 Flattened Cylindrical White White Dull white Brown 2.1
CBE-TNAU-1519 Flattened Cylindrical Dull white White White Brown 1.6
CBE-TNAU-1520 Convex Robust cylindrical White Yellowish white White Golden yellow 1.8
CBE-TNAU-1521 Campanulate Robust cylindrical Dull white White Dull white  Yellow 1.4
CBE-TNAU-1522 Campanulate Robust cylindrical Dull white White White  Yellow 1.3
CBE-TNAU-1523 Campanulate Robust cylindrical Pure white White White Golden yellow 1.7
CBE-TNAU-1524 Flattened Cylindrical Creamy Yellowish white Dull white Brown 1.5
CBE-TNAU-1525 Flattened cylindrical White Yellowish white Dull white Brown 2.4
CBE-TNAU-1526 Convex Robust cylindrical Creamy White White Brown 1.7
CBE-TNAU-1603 Convex Robust cylindrical Pure white White Dull white Golden yellow 1.5
CBE-TNAU-1604 Flattened cylindrical White Yellowish white Dull white Golden yellow 1.3
CBE-TNAU-1701 Flattened cylindrical Creamy Yellowish white White Brown 2.1


Screening the isolates based on yield performance
Gyurko (1982) indicated that the wild strains are usually vigorous, since nature is selecting only the vigorous to survive. It is not certain in all cases that, the wild strains are the best suited for our needs, because the aim of nature is different from that of human being. It is the matter of survival in nature and plenty of time is available for the organism to fit its level best to thrive. However, man wants to grow in a short time as much quantity of mushrooms as possible. Kalpana et al. (2005) studied and compared the yield and flushing patterns of milky mushroom wild isolates with the cultivar APK2 and recorded the maximum yield and more number of buttons in WC2 wild isolate followed by WC6. During the present investigation, experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of different strains, significantly increased yield was obtained with the strain CBE-TNAU-1523 (972 g per bed with 194.5 per cent bio efficiency). The number of buttons formed and harvested was 30.2 and 16.8, respectively. The average weight of individual mushroom in case of CBE-TNAU-1523 was 57.9g. The second best isolate was found to be APK2, which recorded 922.5 g of yield per bed (184.5 per cent bio-efficiency) with average weight of 57.3 g per mushroom. The var. APK2 produced a total number of 35.2 buttons, of which, only 16.1 attained the harvesting maturity. The performance of CBE-TNAU-1523 was also found to be statistically on par with that of APK2 (Table 3). Less number of buttons (10.2, 9.1, 7.1 and 7.2, respectively) and comparatively poor yields (776, 695, 526 and 739 g per bed, respectively) were noticed with the strains CI-13-02, CI-13-06, CI-14-04 and CBE-TNAU-1701. Gyurko (1982) indicated that the wild strains are usually vigorous, since nature is selecting only the vigorous to survive. It is not certain in all cases that, the wild strains are the best suited for our needs, because the aim of nature is different from that of human being. It is the matter of survival in nature and plenty of time is available for the organism to fit its level best to thrive. However, man wants to grow in a short time as much quantity of mushrooms as possible. Kalpana et al. (2005) studied and compared the yield and flushing patterns of milky mushroom wild isolates with the cultivar APK2 and recorded the maximum yield and more number of buttons in WC2 wild isolate followed by WC6.

Table (3):
Comparison of yield performance.

Isolates DFSR DFPF NBF NBH Average weight (g/button) Yield(g/ 500g ) of paddy straw Bioefficiency(%) Pileus dia.(cm) Pileus thickness(cm) Stipe length(cm)Stipe breadth(cm)P:S ratio
APK2 15.1ab 8.4ab 35.2ab 16.1a 57.3h 922.5b 184.5bc 6.6a 1.8e 8.2jk 2.2h 1:1.2
CI-13-02 18.0c 9.2b 22.1f 10.2e 75.1f 776.0i 155.2i 7.7ef 1.9ef 7.8hi 2.1g 1:1.0
CI-13-04 23.6e 10.1c 36.3a 10.3e 85.1d 876.5cd 175.3cd 8.3g 2.1g 8.4k 2.2h 1:1.0
CI-13-06 24.5e 12.1e 27.8d 9.1f 76.4f 695.2jl 139.0l 7.0b 1.8e 7.4ef 2.0f 1:1.1
CI-14-02 15.6ab 8.8b 26.4e 11.3d 67.1g 758.2i 151.6ij 7.0b 1.6cd 8.4k 2.2h 1:1.3
CI-14-03 16.1b 9.6bc 24.2ef 10.5e 83.1de 872.5cde 174.5cde 7.6cde 2.0f 7.5efg 1.8d 1:1.0
CI-14-04 23.2e 10.5cd 15.5g 7.1j 74.1f 526.1n 105.0n 7.0b 1.6c 7.9hi 2.0f 1:1.2
CI-14-06 25.5ef 12.8ef 22.4f 8.3hi 100.3a 832.4fg 166.4fg 7.1bc 1.5bc 7.5efg 1.8d 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1513 26.2f 13.5f 13.1g 12.1c 59.1h 715.1kl 143.0kl 7.7e 1.9ef 8.2jk 2.1g 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1514 24.6e 12.3e 26.0e 9.0fg 71.1g 639.9m 127.9m 6.7ab 1.5b 6.9cd 1.7c 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1515 25.4ef 11.9e 34.8b 10.1e 83.1de 839.4fg 167.8fg 7.7ef 1.8e 8.5k 2.1gh 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1516 13.2a 7.6a 22.5f 10.3e 87.1d 897.1bc 179.4bc 6.8ab 1.5bc 6.7bcg 1.4a 1.1:1
CBE-TNAU-1517 14.4a 8.0a 35.4ab 8.4hi 101.4a 851.7defl 170.3def 7.2c 1.8de 7.8hi 2.0f 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1518 23.2e 11.2d 31.7c 13.3b 54.4hi 723.5k 144.7kl 7.7e 1.7de 7.6fgh 1.9e 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1519 15.6ab 8.6ab 37.1a 15.9a 53.1hi 844.2dfg 168.8efg 6.3a 1.7d 6.6b 1.9e 1:1.0
CBE-TNAU-1520 15.5ab 8.6ab 25.1ef 9.1f 59.0h 912.7b 182.5b 7.0b 1.4ab 7.7h 1.7c 1:1.2
CBE-TNAU-1521 14.4a 7.8a 25.5e 10.4e 81.1e 843.4efg 168.6efg 8.4g 1.9ef 8.8l 2.0f 1:1.0
CBE-TNAU-1522 27.6f 13.4f 13.4g 11.4d 71.4g 813.9gh 162.7gh 7.3c 1.6c 7.2dei 1.4a 1.1:1
CBE-TNAU-1523 15.1ab 14.1g 30.2cd 16.8a 57.9h 972.7a 194.5a 7.7e 1.7de 8.0j 2.0fg 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1524 18.7d 9.8c 28.2d 9.4f 83.5de 784.9hi 156.9hi 7.5cd 1.5b 7.2dei 1.5b 1.1.0
CBE-TNAU-1525 26.1f 13.5f 29.0d 8.1i 97.1ab 786.5hi 157.3hi 7.1bc 2.0f 9.6n 2.3i 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1526 25.2ef 12.4e 31.4c 8.5hi 100.4a 850.0def 170.0def 6.5a 1.6c 6.6b 1.9e 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1603 16.2b 9.8c 32.4c 8.6gh 91.5c 786.9hi 157.3hi 6.3a 1.3a 6.2a 1.5b 1:1.1
CBE-TNAU-1604 17.3c 10.4cd 26.5e 8.3hi 78.1f 830.8fg 166.1fg 7.3c 2.0f 6.6b 1.9e 1:1.0
CBE-TNAU-1701 24.5e 12.6ef 31.4c 7.2j 104.1a 739.1jk 147.8jk 6.8ab 1.4ab 9.1m 2.2hi 1:1.5
CD(P=0.05) 1.30 0.52 1.10 0.47 3.27 32.6 6.40 0.28 0.08 0.27 0.08

DFCR –Days  for spawn run; DFPF-Days for pinhead formation;NBF- Number of button formed;NBH- Number of button harvested; P:S-Pileus:stipe ratio Mean of 5 replications, Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05

Krishnamoorthy et al. (2000) and Krishnamoorthy and Muthusamy (1997) reported that the C. indica var. APK2 had a short crop cycle (7~8 wk) and produced good yield (140 kg fresh mushroom/100 kg dry paddy straw as substrate) with a biological efficiency of 140 per cent. Likewise, Tandon and Sharma (2006) and Bhatt et al. (2007) reported that wheat straw and paddy straw showed minimum days for spawn run and recorded good yield with higher biological efficiency. Sharma and Kumar (2008) evaluated the yield potential on different strains of Calocybe indica viz., APK-2, CI-1, CI-3, CI-6 and CI-7 and recorded maximum biological efficiency with CI-6. They also reported that the highest average weight of fruiting bodies was obtained with APK2, which was found to be significantly higher than CI-6, CI-7 and CI-1. A similar study was also conducted by Dhakad et al. (2015), who evaluated the yield potential of different strains of Calocybe indica viz., CI-4, CI-13, CI-14, CI-15 and CI-18 with wheat straw finally suggested that the strain CI-14 performed better with a yield potential of 811.3g kg-1 of dry wheat straw. When compared to this reports, it can be strongly concluded that, CBE-TNAU-1523 and APK2 could be the best strains for cultivation with paddy straw as substrate.

Microscopic observation
Calocybe indica has been placed under Calocybe – Sect. I. Calocybe (Guttatae) (Fr.) Sing. (Pegler, 1983). The hymenophoral trama was regular, but slight diversence was seen in the hymenium. The siderophileus granulation was highly present in basidia. Spores were thin walled, hyaline and creamy yellow to brown. Cystidia were not highly differentiated, although several cylindrical units with granular contents were observed. Clamp connections were also present in the hypha. The sporocarps were highly campanulate and robust. The genus has been classified under, Tribus lyophylleae, Fa: Tricholomataceae and Or: Agaricales (Singer, 1961). Macrocybe has been treated in Tricholoma, until it was segregated and ranked it to a separate genus using morphological and molecular characterization (Pegler et al., 1998 and Razaq et al., 2016). Macrocybe is also known as a tricholomatoid species with fleshy, cream to grayish, convex, umbonate to depressed basidiomata. However, Siderophilous granulation and cheilocystidia were absent in this species; whereas in Tricholoma, the cheilocystidia in basidia were highly prominent. This species possessed clamp connections in the hyphae.

Microscopic observations of mycelial characters and basidiospores of C. indica, T. giganteum and M. gigantea are presented in Table 4. The clamp connections and siderophilous granulation were noticed in C. indica (APK2 variety and CBE-TNAU-1523) and whereas, clamp connections and siderophilous granulation were absent in T. giganteum (CBE-TNAU-1519). M. gigantea (CBE-TNAU-1704) lacks siderophilous granulation in the basidia and cheilocystidia. The matured cheilocystidia were identified in T. giganteum (CBE-TNAU-1519) while, they were not seen in C. indica and M. gigantea isolates (Fig. 3a-3d) (Table 4).

Fig. 3a. Microscopic observation of Calocybe indica (var.APK2).

Fig. 3b. Microscopic observation of Calocybe indica (CBE-TNAU-1523).

Fig. 3c. Microscopic observation of Tricholoma giganteum (Massee) (CBE-TNAU-1519).

Fig. 3d. Microscopic observation of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) (CBE-TNAU-1701).

Table (4):
Comparison of microscopic and morphometric differences of milky mushroom isolates.

 Strain  Identified organisms  Siderophilous granulation  Cheilo cystidia  Clamp connections  Hymenial trama  Basidiophore (40x)   Basidiospore diameter (40X) in μm
Dia. (μm) Length (μm) 
APK2 C. indica + – + Regular 4.8 7.2 1.2-2.3
CBE TNAU 1523 C. indica + – + Regular 5.4 8.4  1.3-1.8
CBE TNAU 1519 T. giganteum – + – Irregular 2.0 5.2 1.5-1.7
CBE TNAU 1701 M. gigantea – – + Regular or irregular 2.3 6.5 1.0-1.5

 ‘+’presence or ‘-’ absence

CONCLUSION

The results clearly indicated that C.indica isolates always possessed companulate to highly companulate pileus with incurved margin; whereas, T. giganteum and M. gigantea could be differentiated by flattened to highly flattened cap. The stipe portion of C.indica isolates was moderately bulbous at the base and the stipe diameter was found to be gradually reduced towards the tip; whereas, in case of T. giganteum the pileus was highly bulbous at the base and reduced sharply, in width towards the apex. In case of M. gigantea, the stipe was stout and more or less cylindrical from base apex. Although P: S ratio was observed to be narrower in some of the isolates, the pileus showed convex to expanded margin with flattened margin. This kind of fruiting bodies with bigger size may face packaging and marketing problem. In general consumer preference is always for medium sized mushrooms weighing 40-45 g per button, having a narrow pileus and stipe ratio. Production of uniform fruiting bodies having defined pileus: stipe ratio is another challenge in milky mushroom cultivation. Further research will lead to identification of the gene activity and gene alteration through genome editing techniques to reduce the mushroom size and to improve the pileus and stipe ratio of milky mushroom.

Declarations

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

FUNDING
None.

DATA AVAILABILITY
All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript.

ETHICS STATEMENT
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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