ISSN: 0973-7510
E-ISSN: 2581-690X
, Soma Sarkar3 and Manideepa Sengupta4Septicaemia is one of the most imminent causes of mortality among neonates in hospital. This study was undertaken to find out the clinical and bacteriological outcome of neonatal septicaemia in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. A cross-sectional prospective study was undertaken to investigate the causative organisms of neonatal septicaemia over a period of two months in Sick Neonatal Care Unit (SNCU) of Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata. After obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent all relevant clinical information was collected. Blood culture was performed from all clinically suspected cases of neonatal septicaemia. After culture, identification of the isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. During the study period, a total of 119 cases of suspected neonatal septicaemia was included which consisted of 51 (42.86%) neonates born in the institution and 68 (57.14%) neonates referred to the institution from outside. Neonates born by normal vaginal delivery were more prone to septicaemia. Highest number of cases of suspected septicaemia was seen among neonates with low birth weight (60.50%). There were 94 (78.99%) early onset sepsis and 25 (21.01%) late onset sepsis cases. Among the 119 cases of suspected septicemia, 69 (57.98%) showed growth of organisms including Candida spp. in 20, Klebsiella spp. in 18, Escherichia coli in 9, Staphylococcus aureus in 8, Enterococcus spp. in 3 and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) in 11 cases. Causative agents of neonatal septicaemia should be identified early for prevention of mortality.
Sepsis, Pathogens, Bacteria, Neonates, Mortality, Risk factors
Neonatal sepsis is a systemic infection occurring in infants who are ≤28 days of age. It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality of the newborn. Early onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) has been defined based on the age of onset, with bacteremia or bacterial meningitis occurring at ≤72 hours in pre-term infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or <7 days in term infants. In preterm infants, EOS is defined as occurring in the first 3 days of life and is caused by pathogens transmitted vertically from mother to infant before or during delivery. Late onset sepsis (LOS) is sepsis occurring after 72 hours in NICU infants and 7 days of life in term infants, has been variably defined as occurring up to the age of <90 or 120 days, and may be caused by vertically or horizontally acquired pathogens1.
The pediatric consensus definition of sepsis is SIRS in the presence of or as a result of suspected or proven infection. SIRS requires either abnormal white count (total white blood cell increased or decreased for age or >10% immature neutrophils) or abnormal core temperature (>38.5°C or <36°C)2. Sepsis in early infancy results in one million annual deaths worldwide, most of them occurring in developing countries3.
The signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis are nonspecific. These include fever or hypothermia, respiratory distress including cyanosis and apnea, feeding difficulty, lethargy or irritability, hypotonia, seizures, bulging fontanel, poor perfusion, bleeding problem, abdominal distention, hepatomegaly, unexplained jaundice etc.4 Due to the overlapping nature of presentation during the first few days of life, multiple conditions including prematurity, birth asphyxia, transient tachypnea, hypoglycemia, and other physiologic disturbances may be thought as infection and treated with antibiotics as bacteremia5. Sepsis has a similar clinical presentation to other common conditions in the neonatal period. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified seven clinical signs like difficulty in feeding, convulsions, movement only when stimulated, respiratory rate >60 per min, severe chest indrawing and axillary temperature >37.5 °C or <35.5°C. Other authors have also included cyanosis and grunting6
This cross-sectional prospective study was undertaken to investigate the causative organisms of neonatal septicaemia and to assess their antibiotic susceptibility pattern along with the risk factors and outcome of neonatal septicaemia over a period of two months in sick neonatal care unit (SNCU) of a tertiary care hospital and medical college in eastern India.
A cross-sectional prospective study was done for a period of two months (17th May 2017 to 16th July 2017) in sick neonatal care unit (SNCU) of Department of Paediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Medical College, Kolkata, a tertiary care hospital and medical college in eastern India. This study was done under the short term studentship of ICMR.
All newborn babies, admitted in SNCU of Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, whose age was less than or equal to 28 days with clinical signs and symptoms of septicemia, irrespective of whether they were born in the hospital or outside were included in the study. Infants who were more than 28 days old and those whose parents refused to give consent were excluded from the study.
The required permission to conduct the study was given by the Institutional ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all the parents for participation in the study. A detailed history at admission and post-therapeutic health status of the newborn was taken to find out any risk factors associated with neonatal sepsis.
Blood from all clinically suspected cases of neonatal septicaemia were drawn and tested for culture by automated system in a BacT/Alert (BioMerieux Inc., France). 3-4 ml blood sample was collected from each patient and put in the paediatric blood culture bottle. In most cases, only one bottle of blood culture could be done. All culture positive samples were then sub-cultured on blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey agar plates along with performing a direct Gram stain. The growth of organisms was seen after 24 hours and 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. After culture, identification of the isolates was done by using standard microbiological techniques like Gram stain and biochemical tests like indole test, methyl red test, citrate test, oxidase test, sugar utilization, H2S production etc. and automated identification by VITEK 2 Compact (BioMerieux Inc., France) whenever necessary. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar and interpretation was done by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) version 2017 guidelines7.
All data were entered in excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS 16th version. For continuous variables having normal distribution, data was summarized using mean ± SD. Range and median were used for all continuous variables having non-normal distribution. Chi square test was used to check the categorical variables association and p value <0.05 was taken as significant.
During the study period of two months (17th May 2017 to 16th July 2017), a total of 985 babies were born in the tertiary care centre, of which there were female 468 (47.51%) and male 517 (52.49%) showing a gender ratio of 905 female for every 1000 male.
During the study period, a total of 119 cases of suspected neonatal septicaemia was included which consisted of 51 (42.86%) neonates born in the institution and 68 (57.14%) neonates referred to the institution from outside. It was seen that highest number of cases (59, 49.58%) of septicaemia was suspected within 2-6 hours of birth (Table 1). Out of 119 suspected cases of neonatal septicaemia, 74 (62.18%) were males and 45 (37.82%) were females, showing a tendency of males to be suffering more from neonatal septicaemia.
Table (1):
Distribution of age of new born at time of admission to SNCU with symptoms (n=119).
Age at Admission |
Number |
Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
2-6 hours |
59 |
49.58 |
<48 hours |
20 |
16.81 |
>48 hours |
40 |
33.61 |
Total |
119 |
100 |
Neonates born by normal vaginal delivery (NVD) were most prone to septicaemia. Inborn neonates born by lower uterine caesarean section (LUCS) had the highest (21.01%) suspicion of septicaemia, while in outborn neonates highest (32.77%) suspicion of septicaemia was seen in those born by normal vaginal delivery (Table 2).
Table (2):
Distribution of the place and mode of delivery of the suspected septic neonates (n=119).
| Mode of delivery | Number (%) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inborn | Outborn | ||
| LUCS | 25 (21.01%) | 28 (23.53%) | 53 (44.54%) |
| NVD | 24 (20.17%) | 39 (32.77%) | 63 (52.94%) |
| AVD | 2 (1.68%) | 1 (0.84%) | 3 (2.52%) |
| Total | 51 (42.86%) | 68 (57.14%) | 119 (100%) |
Highest number of cases of suspected septicaemia was seen among neonates with low birth weight (60.50%). Cases of suspected neonatal sepsis were almost same among pre-term (48.74%) and term (49.58%) neonates (Table 3).
Table (3):
Distribution of other background characteristics of patients (n=119).
| Background Characteristics | Number (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Cried at birth | Yes | 71 (59.66%) |
| No | 48 (40.34%) | |
| Birth weight | Low Birth Weight (LBW) (<2.5kg) | 72 (60.50%) |
| Normal Birth Weight (NBW) (2.5kg-4.1kg) | 46 (38.66%) | |
| Birth Over-weight (>4.1kg) | 1 (0.84%) | |
| Birth term of baby | Pre-Term | 58 (48.74%) |
| Term | 59 (49.58%) | |
| Post-Term | 2 (1.68%) | |
| Birth-dose vaccine | Given | 107 (89.92%) |
| Not Given | 12 (10.08%) | |
Suspected septic neonates showed mainly abnormal spontaneous movements followed by abnormal body temperature, muscle tone, respiratory rate, chest indrawing, abnormal body colour and grunt in the decreasing order of the sepsis symptoms (Table 4). There were 94 (78.99%) early onset sepsis and 25 (21.01%) late onset sepsis cases.
Table (4):
Clinical profile of the patients.
| Normal | Abnormal | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Spontaneous Movements | Alert -55 (46.22%) | Lethargic- 62 (52.1%) | Comatose-2 (1.68%) |
| Body Temperature | 36.2-37.2ºC – 69 (57.98%) | Hypothermic-46 (38.66%) | Hyperthermic-4 (3.36%) |
| Respiratory rate | 30-60/min – 81 (68.07%) | Low (<30) – 0 (0%) | High (>60)-38(31.93%) |
| Colour | Pink – 91 (76.47%) | Pale -14 (11.77%) Skin Mottling –1 (0.84%) |
Cyanosis – 6 (5.04%) Icteric – 7 (5.88%) |
| Muscle tone | Active – 81 (68.07%) | Limp- 34 (28.57%) | Increased-4 (3.36%) |
| Chest in drawing | Absent – 84 (70.59%) | Present – 35 (29.41%) | |
| Grunt | Absent- 93 (78.15%) | Present – 26 (21.85%) | |
Among these, 23 (19.33%) neonates died of septicaemia within the SNCU (Table 5). The significance of different variables among survivors and non-survivors has been shown in table 6. Decreased movements, abnormal colour, chest indrawing and grunt are significantly associated with mortality (p<0.05).
Table (5):
Distribution of the babies who died of suspected neonatal septicaemia within the SNCU (n=23).
Mode of Delivery |
Inborn |
Outborn |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|
LUCS |
8 |
3 |
11 |
NVD |
6 |
6 |
12 |
Total |
14 |
9 |
23 |
Table (6):
Correlation of clinical profile of the patients with outcome.
Abnormal Characteristics |
Alive (n=96) |
Died (n=23) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Decreased movements (lethargic / comatose) |
43 (44.79%) |
21 (91.3%) |
<0.0001 |
Hypothermic (<36.2 ºC) / hyperthermia (>37.2ºC) |
41 (42.7%) |
9 (39.13%) |
0.754 |
High respiratory rate (>60/ min) |
31 (32.29%) |
7 (30.43%) |
0.863 |
Abnormal colour (pale/ skin mottling/ cyanosis/ icteric) |
16 (16.67%) |
12 (52.17%) |
0.0003 |
Improper muscle tone (limp/ increased) |
34 (35.42%) |
4 (17.39%) |
0.095 |
Chest in drawing |
23 (23.96%) |
12 (52.17%) |
0.007 |
Grunt |
10 (10.42%) |
16 (69.56%) |
<0.0001 |
Low birth weight (<2.5kg) |
60 (62.5%) |
12 (52.17%) |
0.362 |
Did not cry at birth |
38 (39.58%) |
10 (43.48%) |
0.732 |
Pre – term |
47 (48.96%) |
11 (47.83%) |
0.922 |
Note – p-value was determined using chi-square test
Among the 119 cases of suspected septicemia, 69 (57.98%) showed growth of organism. Among these 69 growth, 55 babies survived and 14 babies died (p = 0.817). The total 69 growth included Candida spp. in 20 (28.99%), Klebsiella spp. in 18 (26.09%), Escherichia coli in 9 (13.04%), Staphylococcus aureus in 8 (11.59%), Enterococcus spp. in 3 (4.35%) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) in 11 (15.94%) cases. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these bacteria is given in table 7. The coagulase negative staphylococcus isolates were not considered pathogens. Among the neonates with growth of candida, 18 survived and 2 succumbed to illness (p = 0.357). There were only 4 isolates of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram negative bacilli infection in the neonates of which 3 survived and one died (p = 0.58). There was no significant association between culture positivity, isolation of yeast and MDR organism with mortality.
Table (7):
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated bacteria.
Antimicrobial agents |
E.coli (n=9) |
Klebsiella spp (n=18) |
S. aureus (n=8) |
CoNS (n=11) |
Enterococcusspp (n=3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceftriaxone |
7 (77.78%) |
15 (83.33%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Cefotaxime |
7 (77.78%) |
15 (83.33%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Cefoxitin |
NA |
NA |
2 (25%) |
6 (54.54%) |
NA |
Amoxycillin/ clavulanate |
3 (33.33%) |
6 (33.33%) |
2 (25%) |
6 (54.54%) |
NA |
Piperacillin/ tazobactam |
8 (88.89%) |
12 (66.67%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Imipenem |
8 (88.89%) |
14 (77.78%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Meropenem |
8 (88.89%) |
14 (77.78%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Gentamicin |
4 (44.44%) |
13 (72.22%) |
6 (75%) |
9 (81.82%) |
NA |
Amikacin |
6 (66.67%) |
17 (94.44%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Ciprofloxacin |
7 (77.78%) |
14(77.78%) |
3 (37.5%) |
2 (18.19%) |
2 (66.67%) |
Levofloxacin |
8 (88.89%) |
16 (88.89%) |
3 (37.5%) |
4 (36.37%) |
3 (100%) |
Colistin |
9 (100%) |
18 (100%) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Vancomycin |
NA |
NA |
8 (100%) |
11 (100%) |
3 (100%) |
Teicoplanin |
NA |
NA |
8 (100%) |
11 (100%) |
3 (100%) |
Linezolid |
NA |
NA |
8 (100%) |
11 (100%) |
3 (100%) |
NA = Not applicable
During the study period, a total of 119 cases of suspected neonatal septicemia was included of which 74 (62.18%) were males and 45 (37.82%) were females. This male preponderance is similar to the findings of an audit done on early neonatal sepsis in India by Bhat et al.8 A case of EONS or early onset neonatal sepsis was defined as an infant who had clinical signs or born to mothers with potential risk factors for infection, in whom blood culture obtained within 72 hours of life, grew a bacterial pathogen. Blood culture sample included a single sample from peripheral vein or artery. Relevant data was obtained from the unit register or neonatal case records. Of 2182 neonates screened, there were 389 (17.8%) male babies as seen by Dutta and colleagues who found male gender as risk factor for early onset sepsis9.
Highest number of cases of suspected septicemia was seen among neonates with low birth weight (60.50%). Cases of suspected neonatal sepsis were almost same among pre-term (48.74%) and term (49.58%) neonates. This is similar to the findings of a study done in Brazil where it was found that 44.3% of the pre-term infants having very low birth weight developed neonatal sepsis10.
Suspected septicaemic neonates showed mainly abnormal spontaneous movements followed by abnormal body temperature, muscle tone, respiratory rate, and chest indrawing, abnormal body colour and grunt in the decreasing order of the sepsis symptoms. In a study done by Tsai et al it was found that late onset neonatal sepsis was associated with low birth weight and less gestational age11. The different risk factors for early-onset neonatal sepsis are prematurity, maternal Group B streptococcal colonization, prolonged rupture of membranes, and maternal intra-amniotic infection. Late-onset neonatal sepsis is attributable to Gram-positive organisms, including coagulase negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus12.
There were 94 (78.99%) early onset sepsis and 25 (21.01%) late onset sepsis cases. In a study done by Bizzarro et al it was found that 90% of cases were late onset sepsis. E. coli and Group B Streptococcus was the most common organism associated with early onset sepsis while for late onset sepsis the most common agents were coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus13. In a study done by Turhan et al blood cultures were found to be positive in 47.6% patients of neonatal sepsis among 351 babies. The bacteria which cause mortality with the highest rate included E. coli, coagulase negative staphylococci, S. aureus and Klebsiella sp.14. In the present study the important causative organisms were Candida spp. in 20 (28.99%), Klebsiella spp. in 18 (26.09%), Escherichia coli in 9 (13.04%), Staphylococcus aureus in 8 (11.59%), Enterococcus spp. in 3 (4.35%) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) in 11 (15.94%) cases. Another study showed that yeasts and bacteria isolated from 235 cultures of neonatal sepsis included Enterobacteriaceae (51.5%), followed by Streptococcus spp. in early sepsis, and by Staphylococcus spp. in late sepsis. Of all nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae, 40% were extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria. Among Staphylococcus species, resistance to oxacillin was recorded in 65.5%15. In the present study there were 75% methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 45% methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococcus (MRCoNS). All Gram positive organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococcus and Enterococcus were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid.
The most important observation of this study was the fact that fungi like Candida and among bacteria, Gram-negative organisms, particularly Klebsiella and E.coli were predominant organisms causing neonatal septicaemia in this institution. The massive improvement in the quality of the medical facilities, combined with strict maintenance of hygiene, and a refined treatment protocol has succeeded in lowering mortality due to neonatal septicaemia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed above made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
FUNDING
None.
ETHICS STATEMENT
Obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Medical College Kolkata.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
All datasets generated or analysed during the study are included in the manuscript.
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