ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Mhd. Riza Marjoni1 , Indrie Ramadhani2, Zulfisa3 and Annisa Dika Pratiwi2
1Department of Phytochemistry, Akademi Farmasi Dwi Farma, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
2Department of Microbiology, Akademi Farmasi Dwi Farma, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
3Department of Chemistry, Akademi Farmasi Dwi Farma, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Article Number: 11006 | © The Author(s). 2026
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2026;20(1):555-566. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.20.1.41
Received: 30 September 2025 | Accepted: 30 December 2025 | Published online: 02 March 2026
Issue online: March 2026
Abstract

Paracetamol is a widely recognized pharmaceutical contaminant in the environment, emphasizing the need for effective biotransformation strategies for its remediation. This study explored the biotransformation ability of Alcaligenes sp., isolated from waste-burned soil, using high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Bacterial isolation was performed on nutrient agar containing 50 mg/L paracetamol as the sole carbon source, followed by identification through Gram staining and ALSP testing. Paracetamol biotransformation was conducted in liquid nutrient medium and incubated at 30 °C on a shaker for 72 hours. Three bacterial isolates (RZP1, RZP2, and RZP3) were obtained, with RZP2 and RZP3 confirmed as Alcaligenes sp. All isolates were Gram-negative and exhibited distinct morphological characteristics. Thin layer chromatography showed varying Rf values for each isolate: RZP1 (0.48), RZP2 (0.58), and RZP3 (0.74), compared to 0.70 for the paracetamol standard. HPLC analysis revealed a complex biotransformation profile, with five metabolite peaks detected at 1.657, 2.418, 2.975, 5.311, and 8.225 minutes, whereas the paracetamol standard exhibited a single peak at 5.71 minutes. The total metabolite peak area reached 76,184,224, indicating extensive biotransformation involving both hydrolytic and oxidative pathways. These results demonstrate that Alcaligenes sp. can biotransform paracetamol into multiple metabolites with diverse polarity profiles, highlighting its potential application in environmentally sustainable pharmaceutical bioremediation.

Keywords

Paracetamol, Biotransformation, Alcaligenes sp., HPLC, Drug Metabolites

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© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.