ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Ashna Ajimsha1 , Kiran Subhash1, Ashish Jitendranath2 and J.T. Ramani Bai1
1Department of Microbiology, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation, Venjaramoodu, Nellanad, Kerala, India.
2Department of Microbiology, Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, United Kingdom.
Article Number: 9926 | © The Author(s). 2025
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2025;19(2):1145-1153. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.19.2.19
Received: 25 September 2024 | Accepted: 25 February 2025 | Published online: 21 May 2025
Issue online: June 2025
Abstract

A rise in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections in hospitals and the population has led to an increase in Macrolide–Lincosamide–Streptogramin type B (MLSB) antibiotic resistance. This has led to increased treatment costs, length of hospital stay and morbidity, as therapy has grown increasingly challenging. As a result, it is imperative that S. aureus isolates and their susceptibility patterns especially to clindamycin and erythromycin, be accurately identified and reported. Of the 341 (100%) S. aureus strains that were recovered from various clinical samples, such as blood, pus, urine, and sputum, 267 (78.6%) were MSSA (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus) and 74 (21.4%) were MRSA. iMLSB (inducible MLSB) resistance detected by D-test was present in 42 (12.3%) isolates, out of which 23 (15.6%) were MSSA and 19 (33.9%) were MRSA. Real-time PCR was done for gene detection on all iMLSB positive isolates. The majority of the isolates – 22 (52.4%) showed both ermA and ermC genes; out of which  13 (56.5%)  were MSSA, whereas 9 (47.4%) were MRSA. To correctly identify the true phenotypes sensitive to clindamycin and those showing iMLSB resistance, a reasonably priced, D-test (double disc diffusion test)  can be included in routine antibiotic susceptibility testing in clinical settings for all erythromycin-resistant staphylococcal isolates. By following this technique, clinicians treating patients with infections brought on by inducible clindamycin-resistant strains will be guided to forego clindamycin from their treatment regimens, helping to prevent therapeutic failures.

Keywords

D-test, Staphylococcus aureus, Inducible Clindamycin Resistance, erm Genes, iMLSB, ermA, ermC, PCR

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© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.