Earthquakes, one of nature’s most spectacular events, can have far-reaching consequences for the population, including fatalities and injuries. Secondary effects, most notably landslides, tsunamis, and considerable ground motion and coseismal occurrences, are blamed for the ensuing calamities. These factors have the potential to exacerbate the already dire situation by creating conditions favourable to the spread of infectious diseases, which could cause even more casualties and delay relief efforts. This review presents a thorough narrative analysis of the literature on infectious diseases triggered by earthquakes in different regions of the world. It includes discussing the symptoms, causative agents, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Infections of the respiratory system, digestive system, and skin, as well as those transmitted by vectors, are the most common types of sickness among persons affected by the earthquake. In addition, methods are proposed for effectively preventing infectious diseases brought on by earthquakes. A robust channel for tracking and monitoring is required to detect infectious diseases in case of disaster before and after their occurrence. This strategy significantly aids in tracking epidemics, checking the accuracy of early warnings, and bolstering relief and restoration efforts.