ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Bharti Minhas1 , Vanshika Chandel1, Naveen Minhas2, Shubham Attri1, Arun Singha1 and Vranda Thakur1
1Department of Microbiology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
2Culture and Drug Susceptibility Testing Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Article Number: 9669 | © The Author(s). 2024
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2024;18(4):2850-2861. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.18.4.56
Received: 26 June 2024 | Accepted: 01 November 2024 | Published online: 27 November 2024
Issue online: December 2024
Abstract

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among different microorganisms has become a serious issue and contributing to cause severe diseases. Proper monitoring measures should be taken to improve the current scenario of antimicrobial resistance. The present study focuses on identification, antimicrobial resistance profiling and virulence factors of bacterial isolates recovered from various human clinical cases. Total 350 clinical samples were collected from a public hospital in Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) and a private diagnostic centre in Mohali (Punjab). K. pneumoniae (51.42%) and E. coli (44.57%) were recovered from all the sample sources while S. aureus (3.15%) and Bacillus spp. (0.86%) were isolated from urine samples only. Overall maximum resistance was observed against ampicillin (94.28%), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (90.5%), cefepime (88%) and ceftriaxone (80.18%) while it was minimum for cefoperazone (0.85%), kanamycin (1.14%), lomefloxacin and norfloxacin (1.42% each) and cefixime (1.71%). 52.28% isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 13.42% were extensive drug resistant (XDR). Drug resistant phenotypes were prominently observed in isolates recovered from tracheal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The expression of selective virulence factors like motility, lipase, protease and capsule production was evenly associated with drug-resistant and drug-sensitive bacterial phenotypes; however, siderophore and biofilm production was only seen among isolates with drug resistant phenotype. A significant relation between both the variables was statistically confirmed using chi-square test and the probability value (p < 0.05) for calculated c2 of 43.28 with degree of freedom 10. Occurrence of MDR and XDR bacterial strains among clinical samples bring on economic burden on health system as well as on patient in terms of longer hospital stays and treatment delays.

Keywords

Antimicrobial Resistance, Multidrug-resistant, Extensive Drug-resistant, Virulence, Antibiotics

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© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.