ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Research Article | Open Access
Karem Ibrahem1, Wafaa Alhazmi2 , Hanouf A. Niyazi1, Hatoon A. Niyazi1,Bandar Saleh1, Tariq Ekhmimi1, Jawahir A. Mokhtar1, Dalya Attallah3, Mohammed Bazuhair4, Khalil Alkuwaity2, Ahmad Sait2, Mohammed Mufrrih2, Mazen Ismail5, Yousef Almoghrabi6, Hussam Daghistani6, Ohood Alharbi7,
Hisham Altayb8 and Abdelbagi Alfadil1
1Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
3Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
4Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
5Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
6Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
7Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
8Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Article Number: 9944 | © The Author(s). 2024
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2024;18(4):2837-2849. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.18.4.55
Received: 30 September 2024 | Accepted: 04 November 2024 | Published online: 27 November 2024
Issue online: December 2024
Abstract

Bacterial infections continue to pose a significant global health threat, further intensified by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses significant threats, especially in healthcare settings around the world. Conventional treatments face some limitations due to development of antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing the urgent need to explore alternative treatment strategies. In this study, we propose the potential synergistic activity of thymoquinone and 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol (3HT) to combat MRSA infections. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of both thymoquinone and 3HT were assessed across twenty-two clinical MRSA strains. Thymoquinone demonstrated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values range between 8 and 128 µg/ml., while 3HT exhibited MIC levels varying from 16 to 32 µg/ml. Moreover, the checkerboard-assay was utilized to evaluate the integration of the following antimicrobial agents; thymoquinone and 3HT. Thymoquinone and 3HT bind to PBP2a leading to reduction in MRSA antimicrobial resistance via significantly disrupting its structure and function. Our study reveals an in-vitro synergistic interaction between these compounds with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) less than 0.5 against different isolated MRSA strains. While further research is necessary, our findings offer a promising approach for developing new effective MRSA treatments.

Keywords

MRSA, AMR, 3HT, Thymoquinone, Antimicrobial Agents, FICI

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© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.