ISSN: 0973-7510

E-ISSN: 2581-690X

Mini Review | Open Access
Amjed Alsultan1 and Dhama Alsallami2
1Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.
2Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.
J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2022;16(1):10-17 | Article Number: 7215
https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.1.07 | © The Author(s). 2022
Received: 02/08/2021 | Accepted: 29/11/2021 | Published online: 07/01/2022
Issue online: March 2022
Abstract

Gram-positive pathogens are causing many serious infections that affect humans and result in mild to severe diseases worldwide. In order to survive and initiate infection, enteric pathogens must resist the physiochemical defence factors in the human intestinal tract. One of these defence factors is bile, a potent antibacterial like compound in the intestine. Efflux pumps are the important mechanism by which bacteria resist antibacterial agents such as bile. Efflux of antimicrobial substances outside the bacterial cell is considered as a key factor for intestinal colonization and virulence of enteric pathogens. This paper will review the research conducted on efflux–mediated bile resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria colonize in the human & animal gastrointestinal tract and they have a multiple mechanism to resist the innate defences in the gut and antibacterial activity of bile. However, bile resistance in these bacteria is not fully understood. The evidence from this review suggests that Gram-positive pathogens have the ability to active transport of bile. Further research is needed to know how these pathogens sense bile and how bile regulates its virulence factor. In general, therefore, it seems that understanding the specific mechanism of bile resistance in enteric bacteria including gram-positive pathogens may involve in the development of novel strategies to control and treatment of gastrointestinal infections.

Keywords

Efflux pump, Bile salt, antimicrobial agent resistance, enteric gram-positive pathogen

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