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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.17.3.22</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Molecular Basis of Host-Virus Interactions to Explain Relative Transmission and Severity Caused by Omicron and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Joshi</surname>
                        <given-names>Vinod</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
						<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Shareef</surname>
                        <given-names>B.M.</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Angel</surname>
                        <given-names>Bennet</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Angel</surname>
                        <given-names>Annette</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Joshi</surname>
                        <given-names>Ramesh</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Khan</surname>
                        <given-names>Ambreen Shafaat</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Khaneja</surname>
                        <given-names>Poorna</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Peer</surname>
                        <given-names>Nuzhat Maqbool</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Sharma</surname>
                        <given-names>Bhawna</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Singh</surname>
                        <given-names>Neha</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Singh</surname>
                        <given-names>Satinder Pal</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Barthwal</surname>
                        <given-names>Shilpa</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Tomar</surname>
                        <given-names>Komal</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Yadav</surname>
                        <given-names>Kiran</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
								            		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
          <aff id="aff-1">Advance Centre of Virology &#38; Immunology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.</aff>
			 <aff id="aff-2">Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.</aff>
			 <aff id="aff-3">Sharda School of Medical Sciences &#38; Research, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.</aff>
			 			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-01">
                <day>01</day>
				<month>09</month>
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume></volume>
            <issue></issue>
            <fpage></fpage>
            <lpage></lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2023 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiologyjournal.org/molecular-basis-of-host-virus-interactions-to-explain-relative-transmission-and-severity-caused-by-omicron-and-delta-variants-of-sars-cov-2/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>In India and other affected countries, Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has shown faster transmission but less clinical severities when compared to Delta strain. Present study was aimed to investigate how molecular changes in the spike proteins of Omicron variant has increased its transmission but reduced the disease severity. We report molecular interactions of Spike proteins of Delta and Omicron variants with ACE-2 receptor to explain how change in chemical and physical nature of mutated amino acids of Omicron variant has affected the internalization competence of virus into host cell. The Research Collaboratory Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) and Protein Data Bank (PDB) were used to construct ACE2-Spike Protein interaction. The binding affinity of both omicron and delta variant spike proteins with human ACE2 receptor was observed. Spike protein of Omicron variants has revealed total number of 93 dissimilarities of amino acids from Delta strain,15 of which are in its Receptor Binding Domain (RBD). Our study showed that RBD of Delta variant contained only one hydrophobic amino acid whereas there were 6 hydrophobic amino acids in the RBD of Omicron variant. We report that increased number of Hydrophobic Amino Acids in RBD of Omicron variant affects its binding with ACE2 receptor to enter into the cell. The failure of internalization of virus has increased concentration of extracellular virions at nasopharyngeal region leading to faster expulsion of infective droplets during coughing or sneezing to increase transmission but has reduced the severity of infection. The reported observations could prove to be of public health and therapeutic significance.</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
		<kwd>Hydrophobicity</kwd>
		<kwd>Omicron</kwd>
        <kwd>Transmission</kwd>
		
			</kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
