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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.17.2.28</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Commercially Available Spices in Mangaluru City, India</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Hebbar</surname>
                        <given-names>Chaithra S.</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
						<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Kenjar</surname>
                        <given-names>Apoorva R.</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Raj</surname>
                        <given-names>Juliet Roshini Mohan</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Karunasagar</surname>
                        <given-names>Iddya</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Vittal</surname>
                        <given-names>Rajeshwari</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
								            		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
          <aff id="aff-1">Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (DU), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.</aff>
			 <aff id="aff-2">Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.</aff>
			  <aff id="aff-3">Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.</aff>
			 			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-05-10">
                <day>10</day>
				<month>05</month>
                <year>2023</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>17</volume>
            <issue>2</issue>
            <fpage>993</fpage>
            <lpage>999</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2023 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiologyjournal.org/isolation-of-bacterial-pathogens-associated-with-commercially-available-spices-in-mangaluru-city-india/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p> Spices are important sources of natural flavouring, colouring and antimicrobial agents in food and medicine. In India, spices are widely produced, consumed and exported across the world. Like many other agricultural commodities, spices are exposed to a wide range of bacterial contamination during their harvesting, processing and transportation causing foodborne illnesses. Spices in their desiccated form offer an environment conducive to the survival of many pathogenic bacteria which becomes challenging for spice manufacturers to control or mitigate any bacterial contamination. The present study aimed at the isolation, phenotypic and genotypic identification of bacterial pathogens namely Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli associated with spices collected in and around Mangaluru, Karnataka. Isolation of bacterial pathogens was performed using a modified standard FDA BAM methodology. A total of 140 spice samples inclusive of pepper, clove, cumin, red chillies, turmeric, coriander, clove and fennel in whole and powdered form were screened for pathogens. No targeted bacterial pathogens were present in the samples collected. It can be inferred that good agricultural, manufacturing and hygienic practices were maintained in the commercial supply of spices. The absence of bacteria could also be attributed to the inherent antimicrobial properties of spices.</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Bacterial Pathogens</kwd>
        <kwd>Contamination</kwd>
		<kwd>Genotype</kwd>
		<kwd>Isolation</kwd>
        <kwd>Phenotype</kwd>
		<kwd>Spices</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
