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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.16.4.53</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Eugenol Affects the Germ Tube Formation and Cell Adhesion of Candida albicans</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pootong</surname>
                        <given-names>Anek</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
						<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Chumphon</surname>
                        <given-names>Chanida</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Jangjaibun</surname>
                        <given-names>Ploirung</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Mungkornkeaw</surname>
                        <given-names>Narissara</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Norrapong</surname>
                        <given-names>Benja</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
								            		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
          <aff id="aff-1">Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.</aff>
			 <aff id="aff-2">Bacteriology Unit, Medical Technology Laboratory, Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.</aff>
			 			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-17">
                <day>17</day>
				<month>11</month>
                <year>2022</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>16</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>2802</fpage>
            <lpage>2809</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2022 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiologyjournal.org/eugenol-affects-the-germ-tube-formation-and-cell-adhesion-of-candida-albicans/"/>
            <abstract>
                <p> Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in humans. Antimicrobial resistance in C. albicans is increasingly reported. The antifungal activity of eugenol against clinically relevant fungi including C. albicans has been recently described. In this study, the antifungal effects of eugenol on major virulence factors of C. albicans were evaluated. C. albicans isolates were exposed to sub-MIC of eugenol. The crystal violet-based method was used to quantify the germ tube formation. Extracellular enzymatic activity (proteinase, phospholipase, and lipase) was determined using the agar plate test. The adhesion to buccal epithelial cells was monitored microscopically. Our result showed that eugenol possesses fungicidal activity against C. albicans. At sub-inhibitory doses, eugenol significantly suppressed germ tube formation and cell adhesion of C. albicans (p&lt;0.05). However, the enzymatic activity of yeast cells exposed to eugenol was slightly reduced. Our data indicate the inhibitory effect of eugenol on the growth and the pathogenicity of C. albicans in terms of germ tube formation and adhesion.</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Eugenol</kwd>
        <kwd>Germ Tube Formation</kwd>
		<kwd>Hydrolytic Enzymes</kwd>
		<kwd>Adhesion</kwd>
        <kwd>Candida albicans</kwd>
		
			</kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
