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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.15.1.25</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Isolation and Characterization of Two Virulent Phages to Combat Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis causing Dental Caries</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Nasr-Eldin</surname>
                        <given-names>Mohamed A</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
					<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>El-Dougdoug</surname>
                        <given-names>Noha K.</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				
					<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Elazab</surname>
                        <given-names>Yara H</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
					<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Esmael</surname>
                        <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
									
						
								            		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
          <aff id="aff-1">Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha - 13511 Egypt.</aff>
			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-02-19">
                <day>19</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>15</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <fpage>320</fpage>
            <lpage>334</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2021 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiologyjournal.org/isolation-and-characterization-of-two-virulent-phages-to-combat-staphylococcus-aureus-and-enterococcus-faecalis-causing-dental-caries"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriophages, as a biocontrol agent, against certain antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing dental caries. Here, two dental caries-causing bacteria S. aureus and E. faecalis were isolated and characterized biochemically using the automated VITEK® 2 system. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated dental caries bacteria was assessed against selection of antibiotics. The two isolates showed resistance against most of the tested antibiotics. To overcome this problem, two lytic phages vB_SauM-EG-AE3 and vB_EfaP-EF01 were isolated, identified, and applied to control the growth of S. aureus and E. faecalis, respectively. Phages were identified morphologically using TEM and showed that vB_SauM-EG-AE3 phage is related to Myoviridae and vB_EfaP-EF01 phage belongs to Podoviridae. The two phages exhibited high lytic activity, high stability, and a narrow host range. The one-step growth curve of phages showed burst sizes of 78.87 and 113.55 PFU/cell with latent periods of 25 and 30 minutes for S. aureus phage and E. faecalis phage respectively. In addition, the two phages showed different structural protein profiles and exhibited different patterns using different restriction enzymes. The genome sizes were estimated to be 13.30 Kb and 15.60 Kb for phages vB_SauM-EGAE3, vB_EfaP-EGAE1, respectively. Complete inhibition of bacterial growth was achieved using phages with MOIs of 103, 102 and 10 after 1, 3, 5, and 24 h of incubation at 37°C. Hence, this study indicates that the isolated bacteriophages are promising biocontrol agents that could challenge antibiotic-resistant dental caries bacteria to announce new successful alternatives to antibiotics.</p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Dental caries</kwd>
        <kwd>Enterococcus faecalis</kwd>
		<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
		<kwd>multidrug-resistance</kwd>
			<kwd>bacteriophage</kwd>
			<kwd>biocontrol</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
