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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en"
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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0973-7510</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2581-690X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>DR. M.N. Khan</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22207/JPAM.14.1.18</article-id>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Livestock Manure as Potential Reservoir of CTX-M Type Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Associated with Carbapenemase Production</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
				
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Sumitra Devi</surname>
                        <given-names>Leimapokpam</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Broor</surname>
                        <given-names>Shobha</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Chakravarti</surname>
                        <given-names>Anita</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
				
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Chattopadhya</surname>
                        <given-names>Debasish</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
                </contrib>
									
						
								            		
            </contrib-group>
			
			
          <aff id="aff-1">Department of Microbiology, SGT Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India.</aff>
			
			
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-03-13">
                <day>13</day>
				<month>03</month>
                <year>2020</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>14</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <fpage>171</fpage>
            <lpage>181</lpage>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2020 The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
                    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.<uri 
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
                            >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</uri></license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiologyjournal.org/livestock-manure-as-potential-reservoir-of-ctx-m-type-extended-spectrum-%ce%b2-lactamase-producing-escherichia-coli-and-klebsiella-pneumoniae-associated-with-carbapenemase-production"/>
            <abstract>
                <p>Increasing faecal carriage rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) among livestock is responsible for abundance of these bacteria in livestock manure which is being extensively used as organic fertilizer in developing countries including India. Use of this manure can be a potential source for spread of these microorganisms to the human community, posing a serious public health threat especially, to manure handlers. There is paucity of data regarding the possible contamination of environment through use of livestock manure from rural India. Analysis of a total of 1080 manure sample pools from different segments of 40 manure heaps each year during the three years period (2015 to 2017) showed a total of 491(45.5%) E. coli and 85 (7.9%) K. pneumoniae to be detected as ESBL producers by double disc synergy test and 3 (0.6%) ESBL-EC and 3 (3.5%) ESBL-KP as carbapenemase producers by CarbaNP test. Among the ESBL producers, 436 (88.8%) ESBL-EC and 59 (69.4%) ESBL-KP were found to harbour blaCTX-M genes by PCR. The present study showed an alarmingly high prevalence of ESBL production and emerging evidence of carbapenemase production among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates in the manure samples from rural North India. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the ESBL producing isolates revealed high degree of co-resistance to cephalosporin and non-cephalosporin group of antibiotics. </p>
		</abstract>
		<kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ESBL</kwd>
        <kwd>CTX-M</kwd>
		<kwd>Carbapenemase</kwd>
		<kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd>
			<kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd>
			<kwd>livestock</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    </article>
