Dyeing of Jute Fabrics with Prodigiosin Produced from Sago Waste and their Applications

Synthetic dyes are hazardous to the environment and humans due to their toxic and recalcitrant nature. Hence, the present study attempts to produce eco-friendly dye from the sago industrial waste using S. marcescens SS1. The dye produced by the bacterial bioconversion of sago was characterized by GC-MS and obtained 13.423 acquisition time, which is similar to the standard prodigiosin. The effects of the dyeing parameters were optimized for Jute fabric using tannic acid as a pre mordant, the maximum uptake of dye was observed at 80 °C, pH 7, 60 mins with the K/S of 6.6. The minimum K/S value of 3.9 was observed at 65 °C, pH 3 in 45 min. Better colour fastness was observed in prodigiosin with mordant compared to without mordant. The antimicrobial activity of dyed fabric was tested against a few pathogenic bacteria and it showed maximum activity against P. aeruginosa. The dye extracted from S. marcescens SS1 prodigiosin was found to be an effective dyeing agent and also pose antimicrobial properties.


Bacterial cultures
Serratia marcescens SS1 strain received from the Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, India was used in this study.The bacterial strains have been previously reported and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MK342495).Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae used in the antibacterial test were received from the Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, India.

Textile material
The jute fabric bought from the textile market Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India scoured and bleached before it was used for dyeing studies (weight 110.9 g/m 2 ; warp density 135 with thickness 0.28 mm).

Microbial production of prodigiosin
The bacterial culture was inoculated in a medium containing Peptone (5g/L), NaCl (5g/L), beef extract (1.5g/L) and yeast extract (1.5g/L) was incubated at 25 °C for 24 hours.Bacterial inoculum (1ml) cultured for 24 hours was inoculated into a fermentation broth containing NH 4 Cl, K 2 HPO 4 , KH 2 PO 4 , MgSO 4 , FeSO 4 , CoCl 2 , MnCl 2 , CaCl 2 , NH 4 Mo 7 O 24 , and 1.5 percentage of sago waste as carbon source.The seeded broth was incubated at 25 °C for 72h.Prodigiosin produced in the fermentation broth was extracted by centrifuging at 10000 rpm, for 10 mins at 4 °C.The supernatant of the fermented broth was removed and the pellet was dissolved with acidified methanol (v/v). 10After that, the sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was dried and stored for the further dyeing process.

Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis
Gas chromatography analysis was performed using a Mass Spectrometer: 7000 Triple Quad (Agilent, US), equipped with a Column DB17 MS (30mm 0.32mm ID 0.25m, composed of 95% methyl polysiloxane and 5% phenyl), helium with a flow rate of 1.8 ml/min at 250 °C.At 70 eV, electron impact mode is used.The oven temperature was set to rise from 50 °C (isothermal for 1.0 minute), at a rate of 30 °C /min to 210 °C (isothermal for 1.0 minute and with an increase of 7 °C /min to 310 °C isothermal for 3.0 minute.Detected peaks were compared with standard prodigiosin (Enzo life science, USA).The (0.25mg) standard prodigiosin was dissolved in 1mL methanol and serially diluted for quantification.

Mordanting Procedure
Mordant baths were prepared by using 10 percent tannic acid to render a fabric using a pre-mordant process.Mordanting of jute fabric began at room temperature by maintaining the ratio of substance to liquid ratio at 1:20.After the mordant baths were completed, the fabric sample was removed and dyed.

Dyeing jute fabric with prodigiosin
The dyeing process was done by using a rota dyer machine (Rossari lab tech, Mumbai).The dyeability of jute fabric by the prodigiosin extract, dyeing was carried out with and without mordanting processes.After removing the jute fabric sample from the dyeing machine, it was cold washed and soaped with 1 g/L non-ionic soap.The dyed cloth was dried at 85 °C for 20 minutes before being rinsed with cold water.

Characterization of colour characteristic
The dyed fabric and color intensity were calibrated using DC International's Spectra flash ® SF 300.The calibrated value is referred to as the K/S value.The values for dyed cloths are also measured in aspects of the CIELAB colour space (L, a, b, c*, and h*), where a denotes colour red-green, b denotes colour yellow-blue, L denotes luminosity from light to dark, c* denotes saturation, and h* denotes metric hue angle, using the Gretag Macbeth 7000 eye system (USA).

Colour fastness test
The standard method was used to test the fastness properties of dyed jute fabric.The Rubbing ISO-105-X12, washing ISO 105-C10 and perspiration fastness ISO AATCC 105-E04 were to be tested.

Response surface methodology (RsM)
The experimental design, statistical evaluation, drawing of response surface plots, and optimization of the variable factors of the dyeing factors were done by Design Expert 7.0 software, using Response Surface Technique (RSM) and Box-Behnken design. 11The design of experiments consisted of 17 runs for three variables and three levels (-1, 0, and +1), with A, B, and C referring to temperature, pH, and time, respectively (Table 1).The data attained from experiments were analysed by a polynomial quadratic model.

Antibacterial activity of prodigiosin
T h e b a c t e r i a l i n o c u l u m s s u c h as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to validate the antibacterial properties of the dyed fabric.Overnight cultures were spread over Muller Hinton agar plates using sterile swabs.After dyeing, the dyed sample was cut into small parts and placed into the agar plates before the washing procedure.For 24 hours, the setups described above were incubated at 37 °C.The zone of inhibition was detected on the agar plates, indicating the prodigiosin dye's inhibitory action.

Results AND DisCussiONs Production and preparation of dye
The prodigiosin was produced from S. marcescens SS1 by using sago waste as substrate.Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite, mostly it is produced as an intracellular pigment which was extracted by using an acidified methanol.The role of acidified methanol is to break the bacterial membrane and destroy the cell wall by which the prodigiosin can be extracted out (Fig. 1).The acidified methanol fraction containing prodigiosin is vaccumized and powdered.Similarly, there are few attempts were made to produce prodigiosin from low-cost waste materials like cassava liquid waste, corn steep and demineralized crab shell powder. 12,13

Characterization and quantification of the extracted dye
After extraction, the prodigiosin was characterized and quantified based on the peak area of total ion count (TIC).Fig. 2A shows the TIC and acquisition time (13.425) of the standard prodigiosin, Fig. 2B shows the TIC of dye extracted from S. marcescens SS1, and the m/z ratio characteristic for each ion was analysed in GC-MS.The peak (13.423) obtained for the test sample was similar to the standard prodigiosin.The relative mass spectra analysis confirms the presence of prodigiosin molecules.S. marcescens SS1 produced 44.6 mg/L of prodigiosin by using sago waste as substrate.

Effect of mordant on dyeing of jute fabric
Prodigiosin was used for the dyeing of jute fabric and colour strength was measured by CIELab colour coordinates.The K/S values obtained for dyeing jute cloth with and without mordant are listed in Table 2.The results indicate that jute cloth pre-mordanted with tannic acid and prodigiosin had the maximum dye absorption value of 5.57 K/S, compared to 4.37 K/S for unmordanted fabrics.The result obtained with tannic acid pre mordant improves dyeing quality and high colour yield. 14

Box-Behnken experimental design and analysis of variance
For a better dyeing process, the response surface methodology was used to optimize different factors like dyeing time, temperature and pH.The experimental response was calculated as K/S value.In order to optimize dyeing, seventeen experiments were designed using the Box Behnken Design, and their values were displayed in Table 3.At experiment 12, a maximum K/S value of 6.6 was recorded, whereas, at experiment 15, a minimum K/S value of 3.9 was noted.
Lignin and hemicelluloses content of jute fibre exhibit COOH positively contribute enhance colouring. 14Lower temperatures result in a larger adsorption rate, and vice versa, according to a dyeing optimization study.The bonds between adsorbate dye molecules and the adsorbent binding site decrease while increasing the temperature.This could be why the adsorption phenomena works better at lower temperatures.The maximum dye absorption was obtained with reactive orange 14 is 80 °C.This is most likely due to Reactive Orange 14 dye molecular structure and molecular weight. 15A dyeing temperature of 80°C was the best dyeing condition.studied the dyeing of bleached jute fabric for both Lemon Yellow and Red CN dyes. 16he pH has a significant impact on the ionization and the qualities of the jute fabric.
As a result, the adsorption process was altered, and the responsiveness to pH variations was varied as well.It was discovered that while increasing pH, the Q max (maximum sorption capacity) also increase as well. 17The reason for this is that the rate of adsorption increases as the pH of the dye solution increases.This is due to the eventual deprotonation of the adsorbent functional groups, which increases the attraction by charge transport between dye cations and negatively charged sites on the jute fabric.And at lower pH values, the functional groups on the jute fabric undergo protonation, causing the jute fabric to become positively charged, resulting in a decrease in adsorption between dye and ion due to electrostatic repulse. 18The dye solution is extracted and used to dye bleached jute fabric in three distinct media: alkaline, acidic, and neutral.The natural dyes Annatto, Ratanjot, Babool, and Manjistha were next tested for dye adsorption.Babool and Manjistha offer the finest results in terms of neutral conditions.Babool has the highest K/S value when compared to the other four dyes. 19or Basic Violet 14, dyeing time is favourable, where K/S value attains maximum with a further rise after 60 min of dyeing time. 15he findings of this study are comparable to those of previous studies that used Prodigiosin and other plant extracts to fabric. 20achieved optimal silk dyeing with prodigiosin isolated from Zooshikella rubidus at 60 °C for 60 minutes at pH 4.0 in their investigation. 21Found that dyeing with prodigiosin suspension derived from S. marcescens on cellulosic cloth worked best when done at 90 °C for 90 minutes.Prodigiosin suspension was also tested in polyester and acrylic fabrics.According to, 21,22 the finest dyeing outcomes were achieved at 110 °C for 30 minutes at 7.4 and 100 °C for 30 minutes at 7.4.Mango plant source was employed as a substrate for dyeing cotton fabric in 23 research.
The result obtained from the response surface methodology experiments were evaluated for the absorption of the dye.An experimental relationship between the response (K/S value) and Table 4 illustrates the model of a secondorder polynomial equation using analysis of variance (ANOVA).The F-test ANOVA is used to determine the model equation's statistical significance.The significance of each coefficient was determined using F-and P-values.The F-value (68.94) with P < 0.0001 indicates that the regression model is significant, and there is only a 0.03 percent chance that such a large F-value occurs due to noise.The regression analysis of the ANOVA model determined that the R2 value was 0.9888 and that the adj.0.9745 as the R2 value.This indicates that the model adequately accounts for 98.88 percent of the variation observed in the experimental data.
Table 4 demonstrates that all three variables are statistically significant, with dyeing time having the highest F-value (267.17),pH having the second highest F-value (202.4), and temperature having the lowest F-value (99.78).From this result, dyeing time and pH has more influence on the dyeing process.The interaction impact of dyeing temperature and pH has a p-value of 0.02 and the interaction effect of dyeing temperature and time has a p-value of 0.0371, indicating that the interaction is statistically significant.The interaction between dyeing time and pH has a p-value of 0.13, so it is statistically insignificant.

Optimization and validation of dyeing condition in jute fabric by a statistical approach
The contour plots for the interactions of AB, AC, and BC are given in Fig. 3, and the contour plots have been extended to provide more information on the interaction effects of the factors on the response.In the result maximum The plot's red area denotes the highest K/S value, while the blue region denotes the lowest K/S value.Fig. 3A illustrates the combined impact of pH and temperature, demonstrating that raising the K/S value from pH 5 to 7 and concurrently increasing the maximum K/S value from 80 to 95 °C were observed.The combined impact of time and temperature is shown in Fig. 3B, with the figure indicating that the K/S value red after 50 minutes at 80°C.Fig. 3C illustrates the combined impact of pH and time, indicating that a neutral pH of 7.0 and a time interval of 60 minutes have an influence on the K/S value.
Multiple response optimization was used to optimize dyeing conditions in jute cloth, with combinations of all three factors examined in this study, and desirability can be evaluated by changing the values of input parameters.Validation was performed on the experiment with the maximum desirability of the optimized sample.The predicted and experimental results obtained using the maximum desirability are shown in Table 5.As expected, the predicted and experimental values for the responses of the optimized parameters with the maximum desirability are almost identical.As a result, it may be stated that the relevant empirical model equations for jute cloth dyeing are valid.

Colour fastness test of dyed jute fabric
The colour fastness test with mordant and without mordant was shown in Table 6.In dry fastness both with mordant and without mordant gives (4-5) good results.But in wet fastness with mordant gives 4-5 value and without mordant gives 4, it is less compared to with mordant.In washing, fastness was the value was low 2 & 1 in both mordant without mordant and it indicates considerably change was found.In Perspiration fastness, change in colour was checked in both alkaline and acidic conditions.In with mordant 4-5 value was obtained but value 4 obtained without mordant.This result indicates tannic acid is natural mordant and prodigiosin gave good rubbing fastness and perspiration fastness.However, the washing fastness on jute fabric with prodigiosin has still need to be improved.

Antibacterial activity of prodigiosin
Prodigiosin has good antimicrobial

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Contour plot of dyeing efficiency (K/S value) showing an interaction between temperature, pH and time.

Table 2 .
Effect of mordant in dyeing of jute fabric

Table 3 .
Response surface methodology calculated factors, their levels and comparison of experimental and predicted response (K/S value) in BB design

Table 5 .
BBD model verification of prodigiosin dyeing parameter for jute fabric

Table 4 .
ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model

Table 6 .
Colour Fastness for dyed Jute fabric